ARMINIANISM
741
ARMINIANISM
meted out without regard to merit or demerit had
aroused opposition in thinking minds from the first
promulgation of the dogma; but whilst the fanatical
wars of rchgion engrossed the attention of the masses.
thinl<ing minds were few and uniiifhiential. Calvin's
reckless tenets had banished charity and mercy from
the breasts of his followers and had everywhere
aroused a fierce spirit of strife and bloodshed. It
throve on paradoxes. This unnatural spirit could
not survive a period of calm deliberation; a leader
was sure to rise from the Calvinistic ranks who
should point out the baneful corollaries of the Gene-
van creed, and be listened to. Such a leader was
Jacobus Arminius (Jakob Ilernianzoon), professor
at the University of Leyden. He was born at
Oudewater, South HoUaiul, in 1,'>G0. While still
an infant he lost his father, a cutler by trade, but
through the generosity of strangers ho was enabled
to perfect his education at various universities at
home and in foreign parts. In his twenty-second
year the brilliant youth, whose talents were univer-
sally acknowleilgeil, was sent to Geneva at the ex-
pense of the merchants' guild of Amsterdam, in order
to imbibe genuine Calvinism at the feet of Beza. In
1586 he made a prolonged trip to Italy, which served
to widen his mental hqrizon. Rumours beginning
to spread that he had fallen under the influence of
the Jesuits, Suarez and Hellarmin, he was recalled
to Amsterdam, was pronounced orthodox, and ap-
pointed preacher of the reformed congregation.
This office he filled with ever increasing renown for
fifteen years. He had all the qualifications of a
great pulpit orator — a sonorous voice, a magnificent
presence, and a thorough knowledge of Scripture,
which he expounded in a clear and pleasing manner,
dwelling with predilection on its ethical features
and avoiding the polemical asperities characteristic
of his age and sect. Yet his later years were fated
to be embittered by polemical strife. The revolt
against predestination absolute was taking shape.
A professor at Leyden had alreatly pronounced
Calvin's God "a tyrant and an executioner". The
learned layman Koornhcrt, in spite of ecclesiastical
censures, continued to inveigh successfully against
the dominant religion of Holland; and he had con-
verted two ministers of Delft who had been chosen to
argue him into submission, from the supralap.sarian
to the infralapsarian position. (See C.\lvimsm.)
The task of confounding the "heretic" was now
entrusted to the disciple of Beza. Arminius ad-
dressed himself to the work; but he soon began to
feel that Calvinism was repugnant to all the instincts
of his soul. More and more clearly, as time went
on, his writings and sermons taught the doctrines
since associated with his name and after his death
embodied by his disciples in the famous five propo-
sitions of the " Hemonst rants". Tor the sake of
reference we give the substance of the " Remon-
strantie " as condensed by Professor Blok in his
"History of the People of the Netherlands" (III,
ch. xiv).
"They (the Remonstrants) declared them.selves opposetf to the following doctrines: (1) Predestination in its defined form; as if God by an eternal and irrevocable decision had destined men, some to eternal bliss, others to eternal damnation, without any other law than His own pleasure. On the contrary, they thought that God by the same resolu- tion wished to make all believers in Christ who persisted in their belief to the end blessed in Christ, and for His sake would only condemn the uncon- verted and unbelieving. (2) The doctrine of election according to which the chosen were counted as neces- sarily and unavoidably ble.s.sed and the outcasts necessarily and unavoidably lost. They urged the milder doctrine that Christ had died for all men, and that belicversi were only chosen in so far as they
enjoyed the forgiveness of sins. (3) The doctrine
that Christ dieil for the elect alone to make them
blessed anil no one else, ordained a.s mediator; on
the contrary, they urged the possibility of salvation
for others not elect. (4) The doctrine that the grace
of God affects the elect only, while the reprobates
cannot participate in this through their conversion,
but only through their own strength. On the
other hand, they, the 'Remonstrants', a name
they received later from this, their ' Remonstrance',
hold that man 'has no saving belief in him.self, nor
out of the force of his free-will', if he liv(!s in sin,
but that it is nece.s.sary that 'he be bora again from
God in Christ by means of His Holv Spirit, and re-
newed in understanding and alTection, or will and
all strength', since without grace man cannot resist
sin, although he cannot be counted as irresistible
to grace. (5) The doctrine that he who had once
attained true saving grace can never los(! it and be
wholly deba.sed. They held, on the contrary, that
whoever had received Christ's quickening spirit
had thereby a strong weapon against Satan, sin, the
world, and his own Mesh, although they would not
decide at the time without further investigation —
later they adopted this too — whether he could not
lose this power 'forsaking the beginning of his being,
Christ.'"
The ultra-Calvinists responded by drafting a "Contra-Remonstrantie" in the following seven articles: (1) God had, after .Adam's fall, reserved a certain number of human beings from destruction, and, in His eternal and unchangeable counsel, destined them to salvation through Christ, leaving the others alone in accordance with His righteous judgment. (2) The elect are not only the good Christians who are adult, but also the "chililren of the covenant as long as they do not prove the con- trary by their action ". (3) In this election God does not consider belief or conversion, but acts simply according to His pleasure. (4) God sent His Son, Christ, for the salvation of the elect, and of them alone. (5) The Holy Ghost in the Script- ures and in preaching spealcs to them alone, to instruct and to convert them. (6) The elect can never lose the true belief, but they obtain power of resistance through the Holy Ghost active in them. (7) This would not lead them to follow the dictates of the flesh carelessly, but, on the contrary, they would go God's way, considering that thereby alone could they be saved.
The defection of the popular and gifted di\Hne was a severe blow to the rigid Calvinists and started a quarrel which eventually threatened the existence of the United Netherlands. His reputation was greatly enhanced by his heroic fidelity to pastoral duty during the plague of lOO'J, and the following year, through the influence of admirers like Grotius. he was. notwithstantling fierce opposition, appointed professor of thoology at the University of Leyden. His life as professor w.is an unintermittent quarrel with his stern Calvinistic colleague, Francis Gomanis. which divided the university and the country into two hostile camps. .Vrminius did not live to .see the ultimate results of the controver-sy, as he died of consumption in his forty-ninth year, October. 1609. Although the principles of .Arminius were Kolenmly condemned in the great Calvinist Synod held at Dordrecht, or Dort, in 1618-19, and" the "Remonstrant heresy" was rigorously 8uppres.se(l during the lifetime of Maurice of Orange, never- theless the Leyden professor had given to ultra- Calvinism a blow from which it never recovered. The controversy was soon transplanted to I'.ngland where it rouseif the same di.s,sensions as in Holland. In the following centurj" it divided the early Metho- dists into two parties, the followers of John Wes- ley adhering to the Anninian view, those of
