ARNOLFO
750
ARNOUDT
sermons in the cathedral in defence of the Church,
arraigning the inactivity of the civil and ecclesiastical
authorities, and predicted the revolution which
finally culminated in the Peasants' War. His anti-
Reformation attitude and utterances embittered
I.utlier, who now violently assailed his old teacher
(DeWette, II, 204, 213, 224, 225). His removal to
Wiirzburg in 1526, diet not interrupt his .activity
against the innovators. In 1530 he accompanied
the Bishop of Wiirzburg to the Diet of Augsburg.
Returning, he died at Wiirzburg.
Paulus, Dcr Augustiner Bartholomdus Amoldivon Usingen (Freiburg. 1893); Hobn, Chronologia prnrincice Rheno-Suevicw Ordinis FF. Eremitarum S. I'. Augustini, 160 et sq.; Fi.oss in Kirchcnlex., I. 1429. 1431-34; Jurgens. Luiher. I, 433 sq.; Kampschulte. Die Vniversitnt Erfurt, I, 40; Lammer. Vurtri- denlinische kalholische Theologie, 35; Ehhard, Gesch. des Wiederaufblahens vnasenschaftl, Bildung, I. 400 sq.; Ossinger, Biblioth. A-uyustin. hist. crit. et chron. (Ingoldstadt, 177G).
Henry G. Ganss.
Amolfo di Cambio, sometimes called di Lapo, the principal master of Italian Gothic, b. at Florence, about 1232; d. in the same city, in the seventy- first year of hi.s age probably in 1300, during the brief period of Dante's power. Who Amolfo was seems to be scarcely known, though few architects have left greater works or more evidence of power. According to Baldinucci. Cicognara, and Gaye, the father of Amolfo was called Cambio, and came from Colle, in the Val d'Elsa. Arnolfo's first appearance in history seems to have been among the band of workmen engaged upon the pulpit in the Duomo of Sienna, as pupil or journeyman of Nicolo Pisano. With him there was a certain Lapo, sometimes called his father (Vasari), sometimes his instructor, but who very likely was only his fellow-workman and associate. The same band of workmen, under the same master, Nicolo, worked also in Pisa, Perugia, Cortona, Orvieto, and Rome. Amolfo was thirty years old when his father died. He had already at- tained high repute, having learned from his father whatever the latter could teach, and also having studied the art of design under Cimabue for the purpose of employing it in sculpture. He was already considered the best architect in Tuscany when the Florentines confided to him the construc- tion of the outer circle of their city walls; they also erected after his plans the Loggia of Or San Michele, their corn-market, covering it with a simple roof, and building the piers of brick. The year when the cliff of the Magnoli, imdermined by water, crumbled away on the side of San Giorgio, above Santa Lucia, on the Via de' Bardi, the Florentines issued a decree that no building should be thence- forth erected on this perilous site. In this regulation they followed Arnolfo's counsel. His judgment has been proved correct by the ruin of many magnificent houses and other buildings in later times.
In 1285, Arnolfo built the Loggia and Piazza of the Priori. He also rebuilt the principal chapel of the Badia (abbey) at Florence, with an additional chapel on each side, and restored the church and choir which had been constructed on a much smaller scale by Count Ugo, the founder of that abbey. The old church was demolished later, in 1625, and was rebuilt in the form of a Greek cross. For Cardi- nal Giovanni degli Orsini. the pope's legate in Tus- cany, Amolfo erected the campanile of the same church, a work highly appreciated in those times; but the stonework of this tower was not completed until the year 1330. In the year 1294, the church of Santa Croce, belonging to the Friars Minor, was begun after the designs of Amolfo, in which he gave BO large an extent to the nave and side aisles that the excessive width rendered it impossible to bring the arches within the roof; he therefore judiciously raised arches from pier to pier, and on these he con- stracted the roofs, from which he conducted the
water by stone gutters built on the arches, giving
them such a degree of inclination that the roofs were
secured against injury from damp. The novelty
and the ingenuity of his contrivance were no greater
than its utility. At a later period, Amolfo drew the
plans for the first cloister to the old convent of this
church. Soon afterwards he superintended the re-
moval of the various arches and tombs (ancient
monuments mentioned by Boccaccio) in stone and
marble, that surrounded parts of the external walls
of the church of San Giovanni, and covered the
walls of the church with block marble from Prato.
About the same time the Florentines wished to erect
certain buildings in the upper Val d'Arno, above the
fortress of San Giovanni and Castel Franco, for the
greater convenience of the inhabitants and the more
commodious supply of their markets; they entrusted
the design of these works also to Arnolfo (1295), and
he so completely satisfied them that he was elected
a citizen of Florence. When these undertakings were
completed, the Florentines resolved to construct a
cathedral in their city, of such extent and magnifi-
cence that human power or industry should be able
to produce nothing superior or mor^^ beautiful.
Arnolfo prepared and executed the model for the
cathedral, afterwards known as Santa Maria del
Fiore, directing that the external walls should be
encrusted with polished marbles, rich cornices,
pilasters, columns, carved foliage, figures, and other
ornaments. The cathedral, as Arnolfo planned it,
may be seen in Simone Memmi's great painting in
the Spanish chapel in Santa Maria Novella. In his
general plan he incorporated the earlier (cathedral)
church known as Santa Reparata, besides other small
churches and houses which stood around it. To
please the Signoria he also built into the new edifice
the tower of the Vacca, or "Cow", in which hung
the great bell of Florence, that with good-natured
pleasantry was so styled by the Florentines. To
accommodate this tower at the centre of the building
was a troublesome business (Vasari) but it was so
skilfully accomplished by " filling up the tower with
good material " such as flint and lime, and laj'ing a
foundation of immense stones, that it proved equal
to the support of that enormous constmction, the
cupola, which Brunelleschi erected upon it, and
which Amolfo had probably not even thought of
placing thereon. The cathedral was finally com-
pleted in May, 18S6. Within a few years the
cathedral, the Palazzo Publico, and the two great
churches of Santa Croce and S.-mta Maria Novella,
sprang up almost simultaneously. The Duomo was
founded, according to some, in 1294, the same year
in which Santa Croce was begvui; according to others,
in 1298. Between these two dates, in 1296, Amolfo
imdertook the erection of the Palace of the Signoria,
the seat of the Florentine commonwealth and the
centre of all popular life. His genius requires no
other evidence than these famous edifices. The
stem strength of the Palazzo and the noble lines of
the cathedral show how well he knew how to vary
and adapt his art to the dilTerent requirements of
mimicipal and religious fimctions, and to tlie neces-
sities of the age. Amolfo died after he had built
the Pal.azzo and just as the round api^e of the cathe-
dral was approaching completion. His portrait by
Giotto may be seen in Santa Croce, beside the princi-
pal chapel; he is one of the two men who are speak-
ing together in the foregroimd, where monks are
represented lamenting the death of St. Francis.
HAi.niNUCri, Del MigHorc Firrnze lUustrnIa, IV. 9B; Gate Carteggio dfgli artisli, 1, 44.5. 44(i; CiC'OGNAHa, i^toria dflla srultum: ScoTr, Cathedral liuilders, 224, 291, 313, 325; Fletch- er, A Ilistory of Architecture, 417.
Thomas H. Poole.
Amoudt (.4CRNOUDT, Arnold), Peteh Joseph, Jesuit writer on spiritual subjects, b. at Moere
