This page needs to be proofread.
Nihil Obstal, October 1, 1911 REMY LAFORT, S.T.D. Imprimatur «J0HN CARDINAL FARLEY ARCHBISHOP OF NEW YORK Copyright, 1911 By Robert Appleton Company Copijright, 1913 By the encyclopedia PRESS, INC. The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, includ- ing the right of translation and reproduction, are reserved. L ERINDALE COLLEGE LIBRARY