MONT-ST-MICHEL
551
MONT-ST-MICHEL
So large a number in one community had its disad-
vantages, for within a century of its foundation the
convent was forbidden by the Abbot of Clairvaux to
talce novices until the number of nuns at Montreuil
was reduced to one hundred, which figure was not
in future to be exceeded. In the seventeenth cen-
tury the convent was so much disturbed by the wars
which raged in the neighbourhood that the nuns
abandoned it and settled in the hospital of St-Lazare
close to the city. The list of abbesses is in Gallia
Christiana (IX, 639); the convent was suppressed at
the French Revolution.
Throughout the Middle Ages Montreuil was a place of pilgrimage, being famous for the "Sainte Face" or Veil of St. Veronica. This picture, which was regarded by many as the original relic, was really a copy of the "Vera Effigies" in St. Peter's at Rome. It was presented in 1249 to the Abbess of Montreuil by her brother Jacques Pantaleon, after- wards Urban IV. The painting, apparently of East- ern origm and already ancient when it came into the hands of the nuns, bore an inscription that seemed un- decipherable, even Mabillon being completely baffled by it. Subsequently, however, some Russian savants declared the words to be Slavonic, and to read "Obraz gospoden na-oubrouse" or "Imago Domini in linteo". It seems to have perished with the convent in the French Revolution.
Beaunier, Receuil Historique . . . des Abbayes el Prieurez de France (Paris, 1726), 605-07; Gallia Christiana (Paris, 1751), IX, 639; MiGNE, Diclionnaire des Abbayes (Paris, 1856), 561; Janau- SCHEK, Origines Cisterciensium (Vienna, 1877), p. lix.
G. Roger Hudleston.
Mont-St-Michel, a Benedictine Abbey, in the Diocese of Avranches, Normandy, France. It is un- questionably the finest example both of French me- dieval architecture and of a fortified abbey. The buildings of the monastery are piled round a conical mass of rock which rises abruptly out of the waters of the Atlantic to the height of 300 feet, on the .summit of which St ands t he great church. This rock is nearly a mile from the shore, but in 1880 a causeway was built across the dangerous quicksand that occupies this space and is exposed at low water, so that there is now no danger in approaching the abbey. The monastery was founded about the year 708 by St. Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, and according to the legend, by direct command of the Archangel Michael himself, who appeared to the bishop in a dieam on three separate occasions. About 966, Richard the Fearless, third Duke of Normandy, finding the com- munity in a relaxed condition, installed Benedictines from Monte Cassino at Mont-St-Michel. A few years later, in 1017, Abbot Hildebert II began the co- lossal scheme of buildings all round the rock which should form a huge jjlatforrn level with the summit, on which the abbey church might stand. In spite of the enormous difficulties involved in the design, diffi- culties increased by fire and the collapse of portions of the edifice, the great scheme was persevered in during five centuries and crowned by the completion of the flamlioyant choir in 1.520. Even among religious communities, such an instance of steadfast purpose and continuity of plan stands unrivalled; but the com- pletion was only just in time. In 1523 the abbey was granted in commendam to Cardinal Le Veneur and the series of commendatory Abbots continued until 1622 when the abbey, its community reduced almost to the vanishing point, was united to the famous Congre- gation of St-Slaur. At the French Revolution the Maurist monks were ejected and the splendid build- ings became a prison for political offenders while, with unconscious irony, the name of the place was changed from Mont St-Michel to Mont Libre. In 1863 the prison was closed and for a few years the abbey wa,s leased to the Bishop of Avranches, but in 1872 the French Government took it over aa a national monu-
ment and undertook, none too soon, the task of re8-
toration. The work has gone on almost continually
ever since, and the restorers must be praised for the
skill with which the great pile has been saved from
ruin, and the good taste with which the whole has
been done.
This vast group of buildings has been the subject of several important monographs. Speaking generally, the monastic buildings consist of three main stories. Of these, the two lower take the form of vast irregular rings completely enclosing the natural rock, which forms a core to the whole edifice. The third story rests partly on the two lower stories and partly on the .apex of the rock which is found immediately beneath the pavement of the church. The most remarkable part of all is the mass of buildings known as "la mer- veille" (the marvel) on the north side of the rock fac- ing the ocean. This vast structure, half military,
Gener.\l Plan of Mon-d-Saint-Michel
half monastic, is built wholly of granite quarried on
the mainland, and was entirely constructed between
the years 1203 and 1228. Its foundations are one
hundred and sixty feet above the sea level, and it
consists of three stories of which two are vaulted.
The lowest contains the almonry and cellar; above
these come the refectory and "hall of the knights",
on which again rest the dormitory and the cloister.
The last named building, which is perhaps the finest
gem of all, has a double arcade so planned that the
columns in one row are opposite the centre of the
arches in the other — a unique arrangement of wonder-
ful beauty. The church is cruciform with a Norman
nave which was formerly seven bays in length, but
the three western bays were destroyed in 1776. The
central tower has lately been restored and crowned
with a copper-covered spire surmounted by a gilded
statue of St. Michael by M. Fremiet. The choir ia
apsidal and has a chevet of chapels with a crypt or
lower church beneath.
The position of the abbey rendered it of the highest strategic importance especially during the wars with England, and both it and the little town that had grown up at the foot of the rock on the land side, were enclosed by strong fortifications during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. So imi)regnable was the rock made in this way that, although fre- quently attacked by superior forces, it was never captured. The abbot -was also commandant of the place by appointment of the King of France, and
