NIMES
83
NIMES
italien. Malerei seit Giotto CBerlin 1903); Kraus, Realmzuklo-
padie der christl. AUertUmer (1882-86) ; various works by Didbon
and Menzel,
G. GlETMANN.
Nimes, Diocese of (Nemadsensis), suffragan of Avignon, comprises the civil Department of Gard. By the Concordat of 1801 its territory was united with the Diocese of Avignon. It was re-established as a separate diocese in 1821, and a Brief of 27 April, 1877, grants to its bishops the right to add Alais and Uzes to their episcopal style, these two dioceses being now com- bined with that of Nimes.
That Nimes (Nemausus) was an important city in Roman antiquity is shown by the admirable Maison Carrce, the remains of a superb amphitheatre, and the Pont du Gard, four and a half leagues from the city. Late and rather contradictory traditions attribute the foundation of the Church of Nimes either to Celido- nius, the man "who was blind from his birth" of the Gospel, or to St. Honestus, the apostle of Navarre, said to have been sent to southern France by St. Peter, with St. Saturninus (Sernin), the apostle of Toulouse. The true apostle of Nimes was St. Bau- dilus, whose martyrdom is placed by some at the end of the third century, and, with less reason, by others at the end of the fourth. iSIany writers affirm that a cer- tain St. Felix, martyred by the Vandals about 407, was Bishop of Nimes, but Duchesne questions this. There was a see at Nimes as early as 396, for in that year a synodical letter was sent by a Council of Nimes to the bishops of Gaul. The first bishop whose date is positively known is Sedatus, present at the Council of Agde in 506. Other noteworthy bishops are: St. John (about 511, before 526); St. Remessarius (633-40); Bertrand of Languissel (1280-1324), faithful to Boni- face VIII, and for that reason driven from his see for a year by Philip the Fair; Cardinal Guillaume d'Es- touteville (1441-49); Cardinal Guillaume Brigonnet (1496-1514) ; the famous pulpit orator Flochier (1687- 1710); the distinguished polemist Plantier (1855-75) whoso pastoral letter (1873) called forth a protest from Bismarck; the preacher Be.sson (1875-88). Urban II, coming to France to preach the crusade, consecrated the cathedral of Nimes in 1096 and presided over a council. Alexander III visited Nimes in 1162. Clem- ent IV (1265-68), born at iSaint Gilles, in this diocese, granted the monastery of that town numerous favours. St. Louis, who embarked at Aigues-Mortes for his two crusades, surrounded Nimes with walls. In 1305, Clement V passed through the city on his way to Lyons to be crowned. In consequence of disputes about the sale of grapes to the papal household, Inno- cent VI laid an interdict on Nimes in 1358. The dio- cese was greatly disturbed by the Religious Wars: on 29 Sept., 1567, five years before the Massacre of St. Bartholemew, the Protestants of Nimes, actuated by fanaticism, perpetrated the massacre of Catholics known in French history as the Michelade. Louis XIII at Nimes issued the decree of religious pacifi- cation known as the Peace of Nimes.
The first Bishop of Uzes historically known is Con- stantius, present at the Council of Vaison in 442. Other bishops were St. Firminus (541-53) and St. Fer- r6ol (553-81). In the sixteenth century, Bishop Jean de Saint Gelais (1531-60) became a Calvinist. The celebrated missionary Bridaine (1701-67) was a na- tive of the Diocese of Uzes. This little city was for seventy days the enforced residence of Cardinal Pacca, after his confinement at Fenestrelles (1812). The town of Pont Saint Esprit, on the Rhone, owes its names to a bridge built there between 1265 and 1309 with the proceeds of a general collection made by the monks.
About 570, Sigebert, King of Austrasia, created a see at Arisitum (Alais), taking fifteen parishes from the Diocese of Nimes. In the eighth century, when Septi- mania was annexed to the Prankish Empire, the Dio-
cese of Alais was suppressed and its territory returned
to the Diocese of Nimes. At the request of Louis XIV,
a see was again created at Alais by Innocent XII, in
1694. The future Cardinal de Bausset, Bossuet's biog-
rapher, was Bishop of Alais from 1784 to 1790. After
the Edict of Nantes, Alais was one of the places de
surete given to the Huguenots (see Huguenots, His-
tory). Louis XIII took back the town in 1629, and
the Convention of Alais, signed 29 June of that year,
suppressed the political privileges of the Protestants.
The chief pilgrimages of the present Diocese of
Nimes are: Notre Dame de Grace, Rochefort, dating
The Cathedral, Nimes
Consecrated by Urban II in 1093
from Charlemagne, and commemorating a victory over the Saracens. Louis XIV and his mother, Anne of Austria, established here a foundation for perpetual Masses. Notre Dame de Grace, Laval, in the vicinity of Alais, dating from not later than 900. Notre Dame de Bon Secours de Prime Combe, Fontanes, since 887. Notre Dame de Bonheur, founded 1045 on the moun- tain of I'Aigoual in the vicinity of Valleraugucs. Notre Dame de Belvezet, a shrine of the eleventh century, on Mont Andavu. Notre Dame de Vauvcrt, whither the converted Albigenses were sent, often visited by St. Louis, Clement V, and Francis I. The shrine of St. Vdrcdeme, a hermit who died Archbishop of Avi- gnon, and of the martyr St. Baudilus, at Trois Fon- taines and at Valsainte near Nimes. The following Saints are especially venerated in the present Diocese of Nimes: St. Castor, Bishop of Apt (fourth to fifth century), a native of Nimes; the priest St. Theodoritus, martyr, patron saint of the town of Uzes; the Athe- nian St. Giles (.^ilgidius, sixth cent.), living as a recluse near Uzes when he was accidentally wounded by King Childeric, later abbot of the monastery built by Chil- deric in reparation for this accident, venerated also in England; Blessed Peter of Luxemburg who made a sojourn in the diocese, at Villeneuve-lez-Avignon (1369-87).
Prior to the Associations Law of 1901 the diocese had Augustinians of the A.ssumption (a congregation which originated in the city of Nimes), Carthusians, Trappists, Jesuits, Missiojiaries of the Company of
