NOTRE DAME
132
NOTRE DAME
return and thoir niothcr-liousc was pstablished at
Miihlhausi^n, Hlu'iiisli Prussia. The American branch
is under the iiiiiiiediale direction of a provincial supe-
rioress, residing in Cleveland, and numbers 430 sisters.
The sisters conduct also upwards of forty parish
schools, mostly in Ohio and Kentucky, containing
about 14,000 pupils.
Arens. Die selige Julie Billiart (Freiburg im Br., 190S); An- no/« of Notre Dame Content in Ctevetand (manuscript).
Nicholas Pfeil.
Notre Dame du Lac, UMVEnsiTv of, in Northern Indiana near tlie boundary lines of Michigan and Illinois. It is owned and directed by the Congrega- tion of Holy Cross, whose mother-house in the United States is located at Notre Dame, the name by which the university is most commonly known. Notre Dame was founded in 1842 by the Very Reverend Ed- ward Sorin, C.S.C., late superior-general of his congre- gation, who came from P>ance at the invitation of the Right Reverend Cclestine A. L. Guynemer de La Hailandiere, D.D., Bishop of Vincennes. Nearly two years passed before the first building was erected and a faculty organized. In 1844 the university received a charter from the State. By special act of the Legisr lature of Indiana, it was given legal existence and em- powered to grant degrees in the liberal arts and sciences and in law and medicine. Though no medi- cal faculty has been formed, all the other departments mentioneci in the charter have been established, and collegiate and university degrees granted in each. At the outset only collegiate instruction was given in the studies then regarded as best furnishing a liberal education. The first faculty organized was that of the college of arts and letters, and chairs of philosophy, history, mathematics, and ancient and modern lan- guages were established. But the educational con- ditions in the country near the university were prim- itive, and few students were ready to take up college ■work. Accordingly, there was soon founded a pre- paratorj' school at Notre Dame in which instruction was given, not only in subjects immediately preparing for college, but also in the rudiments. Soon after the college courses began, the needs of the North-West demanded a school for those preparing for the priest- hood. The founder accordingly provided a faculty in theology, and six years after the State charter was granted, one-fifth of the students were pursuing theo- logical studies. But as intercommunication between the more settled parts of the United States increased with more easy modes of travel, the theological faculty was maintained only for members of the Congregation of Holy Cross. To-day the university consists of five colleges, each with several departments — arts and letters, engineering, science, architecture, and law. At the head of each college is a dean. The faculties of the five colleges are directed by the president of the university, who governs in matters purely academic. All otheraffairsareadministeredbyaboardof trustees. Though yovmg as a university, Notre Dame has had distinct influence on movements of the Church in the -Middle \\'est from its foundation. Founded at a period when the need of missionaries was pressing and located in a centre of missionary activity, its aid in the spread of Catholicism in the North-West was strong. The work of the early French missionaries was continued by the religious at Notre Dame, who served both as professors and evangelists. They sup- pHed, too, a Catholic literature by their doctrinal and scientific writings and by works of fiction. A uni- versity press was early established, from which has been issued weekly a literary and religious magazine, the "Ave Maria", contriljuted to by the best writers of Europe and America. By attracting, too, every year a large number of non-Catholic students, the univer- sity has greatly lessened antagonism to the Church and h;is quickened religious feehng among the indif- ferent. Moreover, in laws passed by the State Legia-
lature affecting the Church, and especially in legisla-
tion regarding education, i\u'. university is usually
consulted, and any protest from it is respectfully
heeded. In these matters Notre Dame has merited
consideration by the State not only by her position
as a leading university, but also by a remarkable dis-
play of patriotism in the Civil War. At the first call
for arms seven of her priests, who were acting as pro-
fessors, were sent by Father Sorin to act as chaplains;
and this at a time when the university could ill spare
any of her faculty.
The progress of the university has been due largely to its presidents, who have been, in all cases, men of scholarly attainments and executive capabilities. Excepting the founder, who was the first president, each had served as professor at Notre Dame before being called to direct its affairs. In all there have been eight presidents — the Very Reverend Edward Sorin, the founder; Rev. Patrick Dillon, William Corby, Augustus Lemmonier, Patrick Colovin, Thomas Walsh, Andrew Morrissey, and John Cava- naugh, all members of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Among other professors who, by their writings and re- searches, have contributed to the sciences which they taught and have added lustre to Notre Dame, are Rev. J. A. Zahm, C.S.C., author of scientific works and pro- fessor of physics; Rev. Alex. Kir.sch, C.S.C., professor of zoology; Rev. Jos. Carrier, C.S.C., professor of botany, William Hoynes and Timothy E. Howard, professors of law; Michael E. Shawe, Gartiner Jones, Rev. N. H. Gillespie, C.S.C., Rev. Daniel Hudson, C.S.C., Charles Warren Stoddard, and Maurice Francis Egan, professors of English literature; James Farnham Edwards, Ubrarian; Arthur J. Stace and Martin J. McCue, professorsof engineering; Rev. John B. Scheier, C.S.C., professor of Latin; Rev. Louis Cointet, C.S.C., professor of philo.sophy.
Excepting the land on which it is built, donated by Bishop Hailandiere, and a few lesser donations in money, Notre Dame has developed into a great uni- versity without financial aid. It opened as a college in September, 1843, in a modest brick structure erected to serve temporarily until a larger building was completed in 1844. This was enlarged in 1853. Farher Sorin was president continuously until 1865. The enrolment of students for many years was small, numbering sixty-nine in 18.50, coming from four states in the Middle West and from New York and Penn- sylvania. By 18G1 the number had advanced to two hundred, and in that year the faculty of the college of science was organized. In 1865 the enlarged cen- tral building of 1853 gave way to a more pretentious structure; the corps of professors was augmented to forty; the university press was established: the main library was added to, and the equi])iii('nl of the college of science enlarged. The college of law was formed in 1869, and the college of engineering in 1872. A fire in April, 1879, wiped out the labours of forty years, con- suming all the university buildings except the church and the university theatre. Plans were at once made for rebuilding, and the present Notre Dame begun. In September, 1879, the administration building, a large structure, planned to form the centre of a group, was completed and classes resumed. A departure from the old system of student life was made in 1887 when the first residence hall containing private rooms was erected. Before that time the common-room system, modelled on college life in Europe, prevailed. In 1900 the college of architecture was established.
The growth of the University has been steady. At present (in 1911) over one thousand students are regis- tered, from North and South America and from nearly all the countries of Europe. All the students live on the university grounds. The faculties are made up of eighty-five professors, including many laymen. Twenty buildings are devoted to university purposes, and these with their equipment and apparatus are
