O'LOGHLEN
248
OLTMPIAS
stratcnsians (Hradisch, Klosterbruck) ; Cistercians
(Vclehrail); the Franciscans and the Dominicans dur-
ing the lives of llieir founders; theTeutonic Kniylits.
On the other hand there arose the sects of the Allii-
Renses, I'"hit;ellants, Waldensians (Apostohc Brethren,
Brethren of the Holy (iliost), Hussites (Bohemian
Brethren, Clnilx'idieinier, Picardians). Thus it hap-
pened that Protestantism foimd a well-prepared field.
Lutheranisiii was preached by Sijeratus at IkUui; H>ih-
maier and Hutcr were Baptists. Exiled from Swilz-
erhvnd anil Ciermany, the Anabaptists came in droves
into Moravia; I.nlius Socinus, on his liomeward jour-
ney from Polanil to Turin, successfully sowed the
seed of Sociniaiiism. Bishop Dubravsky (Dubravius),
famous as an author and historian, encouraged the
dislieartened Catholics (1553). The thirty-three vol-
umes of his history of Bohemia, his five books on fish-
raising (piscatology), and the work entitled "Ueber
das heilige Messopfer" justify his reputation.
The Reform movement was finally arrested by the Jesuits. Three of them reached Olmiitz in 1560 and rapidly acquired influence and power. Bishop Prusi- novsky granted them a convent and turned over to them the schools as well as the projected university. At a synod strict orders and regulations were adopted. His fourth successor, Pavlovsky, accomplished won- ders in carrying out the decrees of the Council of Trent. Rudolph II conferred upon him the title of duke and prince and made him a member of the royal chapel. The canons whom he gathered at Olmtitz were distinguished for learning and virtue. The most important bishop of this see during the Reformation period was Cardinal Franz Dietrichstein (d. 1636), son of Adam, major-domo of the imperial household. He governed the see for thirty-seven years, and ac- complished extraordinary things both as statesman and ecclesiastic. His work, of course, met with con- siderable opposition. He was imprisoned at Briinn, and the See of Olmiitz was abolished. Johannes Sar- kander, parish priest of HoUeschau, became a martyr for the secrecy of the confessional at Olmiitz, 17 March, 1620, and in 1860 he was canonized. Better days Boon appeared. The title of prince was conferred on both the cardinal and his brother, whose descendants were to inherit the title. Amos Comenius (Kom- enzky), the last ".senior" of the Bohemian Brethren, fled to Poland. Pre-eminent as a pedagogue his in- fluence was felt later on in the intellectual life of his country. Dietrichstein was succeeded by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, son of F^erdinand II, and by Charles Joseph, son of Ferdinand III. In 1663 Charles Joseph was elected Bishop of Breslau and Olmiitz, with a dis- pensation from Alexander VII, as he was scarcely fourteen years of age; but died the following year. In 1693 Charles, son of Duke Charles of Lorraine, at the age of twenty-three, became sub-deacon and exercised the administrative power in temporal affairs; four years later he obtained the spiritual administration. The dissolution of the Society of Jesus in 1773 affected three hundred and sixty-eight professors in nine col- leges of Moravia. In the same year Clement XIV withdrew from the chapter the right of electing its bishop; it was restored, however, by Pius VI.
Maria Theresa, in 1777, raised Olmiitz to the dig- nity of an archbishopric, and subordinated to it the newly-founded See of Briinn. The archdiocese was divided into eight archpresbyterates and fifty-two deaneries. When the toleration edict of Joseph II ap- peared in 1781, whole districts forsook the Church. The inhabitants since the Counter-Reformation had been Protestants in secret. The emperor therefore ordered those desirous of renouncing the Catholic be- lief to make known in person their intention to the Commi.ssiori on Religion. When Emperor Joseph began the dissolut ion of the monasteries, there were in Moravia and Silesia two thousand monks in eighty- three houses. From the sale of this ecclesiastical
property, the so-called "Religion Fund", many par-
ishes were established, tlirec in Olmulz alone. In the
rural [larts the parishes wer(> not to be more than four
miles a])art. The parish priests received a stipend of
four hundred florins, a local chaplain three hundred
florins, and an assistant two hundred florins. The
third Archbishop of Olmiitz was .Archduke Rudolph,
brother of Emperor Francis. Cardinal Maximilian
Jo.seiih, Freiherr von Somerau-Beckh, had, in 1S48, as
adviser an<l assistant, the brilliant chancellor Kut.sch-
ker. On 2 December of the same year, in the throne
room of the prince-archbishop's residence, Francis
Joseph assumed the imperial sceptre. While the Aus-
trian Parliament sat at Kremsier, Olmiitz was the polit-
ical capital of Austria. Eighty years old, Somerau-
Beckh attended the great assembly of bishops in
Vienna in 1849. Here he proposed by legal enact-
ment to abolish the rule requiring every member of
the Olmtitz chapter to be of noble birth, because this
rule was contrary to the spirit of Christianity and the
laws of the Church, and an injustice to the untitled
clergy of the diocese. The Olmiitz chapter for a long
time opposed this proposition both at Rome and at
the imperial court, but without success. The two
last prince-bishops have also been commoners. Car-
dinal Fiirstenberg rebuilt in splendid Gothic style the
cathcilral with its three towers, carefully preserving
the individuality of the old church. The Concordat
of Vienna (1448) provided that if any high dignitary of
the Church resigned or died while in Rome, the pope
should have the right to fill the vacancy thus caused.
This he did, when Archbishop Theodor Kohn resigned
his office in Rome on account of his great age, and the
Bishop of Briinn, Francis Sal. Bauer was appointed
archbishop.
At the present (1910) Moravia has two and one half million inhabitants of whom over ninety-five per- cent are Catholics, less than three per cent Protest- ants, and nearly two per cent Hebrews. In the Archdiocese of Olmiitz there are 1,785,000 Catholics; 1,507 priests; 220 male and 1,547 female inmates of religious houses. The episcopal city has a population of 22,000.
WoLNY, Topographic Mdhrens (2 vola., Brunn. 1836-42); Kirchl. Topographic Mshrens (9 vols., Briinn, 1855-63). index, 1866; DuDiK, Gcschichle Mahrens (until 1358) in 12 vols. (Brunn, 1860-88) ; Muller. Ceschichte dcr kOn. Hauptstadt Olmiitz (Vienna, 1882); TiTTEL, Historia archidiwccsis Olomuccnsis ejusque PrcB- sulum (OlmUtz, 1889), MSS.; d'Elvert. Zur Geschichte des Erz- bistums Olmiitz (Brunn, 1895), bibliography, pp. 305-12.
C. WOLFSGRCBBB.
O'Loghlen, Michael, b. at Ennis, Co. Clare, Ire- land, in 1789; d. 1846. Educated at Ennis Academy, and Trinity College, Dublin, he was called to the Irish Bar in 1811. By force of abihty he won a position as a brilliant pleader. His first real success was as a substitute for O'Connell on the day of the memorable duel between O'Connell and D'Esterre (1815); from 1820 to 1830 many cases came from O'Connell through who.se influence O'Loghlen was appointed solicitor general for Ireland in 1834, the first Catholic since James II. He was also elected M.P. for Dungarvan, and when Perrin was elevated to the Bench in 1835, he was made attorney general. A year later he suc- ceeded Sir William Cusack Smith as baron of the ex- chequer — the first Catholic judge for almost one hundred and fifty years. Finally, in 1837, on the death of Sir William MacMahon he was given the Irish mastership of the rolls, which he held till his death. As master of the rolls he effected many legal reforms.
O'Flanaoan, Recollections 0/ the Irish Bar (Dublin. 1870).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
Olympias, Saint, b. 360-5; d. 25 July, 408, prob- ably at Nicomedia. This pious, charitable, and wealthy disciple of St. John Chrysostom came from an illustrous family in Constantinople. Her father
