ORY
333
OSAKA
Venice, 1652, 59) and by St. Antoninus of Florence
(■'Chronica", III, 19, xiii, 1), the latter, however, does
not say (as the local legend recites) that the priest
doubted the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy
Eucharist, but, merely that a few drops from the
chalice fell upon the corporal. For the rest, a similar
legend of the "blood-stained corporal" is quite fre-
quent in the legendaries of even earlier date than the
fourteenth century, and coincides with tlie great
Eucharistic polemics of the ninth to the twelfth
centuries. The reddish spots on the corporal of
Bolsena, upon close observation, show the profile of a
face of the type by which the Saviour is traditionally
represented.
FuMi, Ciidice diplom. delta cilli di Orvielo (Florence, 1884); Orvieto, iiolt' .^toriche (Citt^ di Castello, 1S91) ; II duomo di Orvieto (Rome, 1891) ; II Santuario del SS. Corpvrale mi duomo di Orvieto (Rome, 1S96); Cappelletti, Le Chiese d' Italia, V; Adami, Storia di Volseno (3 vols., 1737); Pennazzi, Storia delV Ostia e del Cor- porate, etc. (Montefiaacone, 1731).
U. Benigni.
Ory, Matthieu, inquisitor and theologian, b. at La Caune, 1492; d. at Paris, 1557. Entering the Dominican Order at the age of eighteen, he studied
to thia work Ory is called Ortia.
D. J. Kennedy. Osage Indians. See Siodx.
Osaka, Diocese of (Osachensis). Osaka (Oye, great river; saka, cliff), one of the three municipal prefectures (ken) of Japan, is situated on both banks of the Yodo River and along the eastern shore of Osaka Bay. The second city in Japan in population, it far outstrips all other cities of the empire in wealth, com- merce, and iiiilustries. The name Osaka apparently dates only IriDii ;il)0ut 1492; previously the town was called .\ nil nil I I '(lashing waves", still used in poetry). According to oiu' earliest information concerning the town, not undoubtedly genuine, it received its original name from Jinmu, first Emperor of Japan, who landed there about COO b. c. In a. d. 313 Emperor Nintoku made it his capital. Various subsequent emperors (e. g. Kotoku in 645 and Shomu in 724) also resided there, but it was only after it had become in the six- teenth century a great Buddhist religious centre that the wealth and importance of the city began rapidly to increase. Fortified in 1534, it was the chief strong-
Castle, Osaka, Japan
in the convent of St-Jacques, Paris, and at the Sor-
bonne, obtaining the licentiate in theology, 6 Feb-
ruary, 1,527. His reputation for learning and elo-
quence led to his appointment as grand inquisitor
for France (1534), an office which he held until his
death. Compelled to pronounce upon false accusa-
tions made against Saint Ignatius Loyola and "The
Spiritual Exercises", he detected the fraud of the
calumniators. Instead of condemning the saint, he
praised and assisted him, and kept for himself a copy
of the Exercises. He was indefatigable in preaching
• the Word of God, held .several offices in his order, and
combated false doctrines and evil-doing. Some
writers erroneously call Ory a Spaniard and write
his name Ortiz. The only fully authenticated printed
work of Ory is his " Alexipharmacum" (Paris, 1544;
Venice, 1551-5S). In the second part he uses against
the heretics five words of St. Paul, viz. grace, justifi-
cation, sin, liberty, law (no exclusive reference to I
Cor., xiv, 19). Other works attributed to him are:
"Opusculum de imaginibus", and "Septem scholse
contra ha;reticos", but Echard does not assign the
places or dates of their publication.
QuiTiFAND Echard, Scriplores Ord. Prad., II (Paris, 1721), 102; SixTus Senensis. Bibliolheca Sancta (Venice. 1566; L.vons, l.Ml); Orlandini, Historiie Societali.i Jesu pars prima, sive IiinaHita (Rome, 1615); Thompson, Saint Ignatius Loyola (London, 1910),
hold of the Buddhists during the bloody persecution
to which they were subjected under Nebunaga. All
efforts to dislodge them failed until, in obedience to
the order of the emperor, they yielded up possession
of the town in 1580. The true founder of the modern
prosperity and importance of Osaka was undoubtedly
Hideyoshi (see J.\pan). Recognizing that the strate-
gic position of the town would enable him to dominate
the daimyos of the south and west, he determined to
make Osaka his capital, and built on the site of the
great Buddhist monastery the Castle of Osaka — an
admirable example of old Japanese architecture. The
palace which he built within this castle has been
placed by some authorities among the most glorious
the world has ever seen; it was deliberately burned
by the Tokugawa party in 18GS, before they retreated
to Yedo (now Tokio). Hideyoshi devoted himself
sedulously to the improvement of the town, laying
out new streets and causing the wealthy merchants
of Fushumi and Sakai to immigrate thither. Situated
in the middle of the richest agricultural district of
Japan, the growth of Osaka has been unceasing during
the last three centuries, although its commercial supre-
macy was for a time imperilled when the seat of govern-
ment was tran.sferred from Kioto to Yedo (1868).
In 1871 a mint was established in Osaka, its manage-
