OSMUND
340
OSMTTND
buildings, prison, ami publio granary. Bishop Se-
bastian Perez (ir)Si; -S3) transferred the seminary
from tlio college of the university to the Casas del
Cortijo (P'arni BuiKliiisisi, and Fernando de Aeebedo
(1610-15) began the Seminary of S. Domingo de
Guzmiln, wliioh Bisliop Joaquin Eleta reconstructed
in 17S:? after plans nia<le by the engineer .Sebastini.
Sebastian de Arevalo rebuilt the Hospital of S. Agus-
tin, founded in 1468 by Pedro de Montoya.
Soria, the capital, disputes with Osma the right to the eiiiscopal sec. There is the church of S. Pedro, re- stored by Alfonso I of Aragon, in Hoe's, and made col- legiate in 1 152 by John II, Bisliop of Osma. Over the altar of the retro-choir is an " Entombment of Christ ", by Titian. It was rebuilt by Bishop Acosta. Near Soria are the Romanesque ruins of the monastery of S. Juan de Duero and the hermitage of St. Saturius, patron of the city. The convent of La Merced at Soria once had for its superior the dramatist Gabriel Tellez (Tirso do Molina), to whom are due the build- ing and painting of the sacristy of Nuestra Senora de la Merced.
^CorvalAn, Descripcidn histdrica del Obispado de Osma (Madrid. 17SS): DE Quir6s, Vida de S. Pedro de Osma: Fl6rez, Espaiia sagrada. VII (Madrid, 17S9); R.iB.iL, Espafia, sus monumenlas . . . SoHa (Barcelona. 18S9); De la Fdente, Hialoria de las Unicersidades de Espatta, II (Madrid, 18S5) ; Biografia edesids- tica (Madrid, 1848-68).
Ram6n Ruiz Amado.
Osmund, Saint, Bishop of Salisbury, d. 1099; his feast is kept on 4 Deo. Osmund held an exalted posi- tion in Normandy, his native land, and according to a late fifteenth-century document was the son of Henry, Count of Seez, and Isabella, daughter of Robert, Duke of Normandy, who was the father of William the Con- queror (Sarum Charters, 373). With his uncle, the king, he came over to England, proved a trusty coun- sellor, and was made chancellor of the realm. The same document calls him Earl of Dorset. He was employed in many civil transactions and was engaged as one of the chief commissioners for drawing up the Domesday Book. He became Bishop of Sarum, vir- tually William's choice, by authority of Gregory VII and was consecrated by Lanfranc in 1078. This dio- cese comprised the Counties of Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and Berkshire, for in 1058 the old Bishoprics of Sher- borne and Ramsbury had been united under Bishop Hermann and the see transferred to Old Sarum. This is described as a fortress rather than a city, placed on a high hill, surrounded by a massive wall ("Gest. Pontif ", 183) and Peter le Blois refers to the Castle and Church as "the ark of God shut up in the temple of Baal". In 1086 Osmund was present at the Great Gemot held at Old Sarum when the Domesday Book was accepted and the great landowners swore fealty to the sovereign (see Freeman, "Norman Conquest"). Hedied in the night of 3 Dec, 1099, and was succeeded, after the see had been vacant for eight years, by Roger, a crafty and time-serving statesman. His remains were buried at Old Sarum, translated to New Salis- bury on 23 July, 1457, and deposited in the Lady Chapel where his sumptuous shrine was destroyed un- der Henry VIII. A flat slab with the simple inscrip- tion MXCIX has lain in various parts of the cathedral. In 1644 it was in the middle of the Lady Chapel. It is now under the eastern-most arch on the south side.
Osmund's work was threefold: — (1) The building of the cathedral at Old Sarum, which was consecrated on 5 Apr., 1092. Five days afterwards a thunderstorm entirely destroyed the roof and greatly damaged the whole fabric. (2) The constitution of a cathedral body. This was framed on the usual Norman model, with dean, precentor, chancellor, and treasurer, whose duties were exactly defined, some thirty-two canons, a subdean, and succentor. All save the hist two were bouncl to residence. These canons were "secular", each living in his own house. Their duties were to be special companions and advisers of the bishop, to carry
out with fitting solemnity the full round of liturgical
services and to do missionary work in the surround-
ing districts. There was formed a school for ch^gy of
which the chancc'llor was the head. The catheilral was
thoroughly constituted "the Mother Church" of the
diocese, "a city set on a hill". Osmund's canons were
renowned for tlii-ir musical talent and their zeal for
learning, and had gnat influence on the foundation of
other cathedral bodies. (3) The formation of the
"Sarum Use". InSt. Osmund'sday there were many
other "Uses" (those of York, Hereford, Bangor, and
Lincoln remained) and other customs peculiar to local
churches, and the number was increased by the influx
of Normans under William. Osmund invented or
introduced little himself, though the Sarum rite had
some peculiarities distinct from that of other churches.
He made selections of the practices he saw round him
and arranged the offices and services. Intended pri-
marily for his own diocese, the Ordinal of Osmund,
regulating the Divine Office, Mass, and ("ah iiilar, was
used, within a hundred years, almost thiouglmut Eng-
land, Wales, and Ireland, and was introduced into
Scotland about 1250. The unifying influence of the
Norman Conquest made its spread more easy. It
held general approval until in Mary's reign so many
clergy obtained particular licences frcjin Cardinal Pole
to say the Roman Breviary that this became univer-
sally received. The "Register of St. Osmund" is a
collection of documents without any chronological
arrangement, gathered together after his time, di-
vided roughly into two parts: the "Consuetudinary"
(Rolls Series, 1-185, and in Rock, vol. Ill, 1-110),
styled "De Officiis Ecclesiasticis", and a series of
documents and charters, all more or less bearing on
the construction of the cathedral at Old Sarum, the
foundation of the cathedral body, the treasures be-
longing to it, and the hi.story of dependent churches.
The existing "Consuetudinary ' was taken from an
older copy, re-arranged with additions and modifica-
tions and ready j)roljably wlicn Richard Poore conse-
crated the cathedral at New Salisbury in 1225. A
copy, almost verbatim the same as this, was taken
from the older book for the use of St. Patrick's, Dublin,
which was erected into a cathedral and modelled on
the church at Sarum by Henry de Loundns who was
bishop from 1213-28. This is given by Todd in the
British Magazine (vols, xxx and xxxi).
WiUiam of Malmesbury in summing up O.smund's character says he was "so eminent for chastity that common fame would itself blush to speak otherwise than truthfully concerning his virtue. Stern he might appear to penitents, but not more severe to them than to himself. Free from ambition, he neither imjiru- dently wasted his own substance, nor sought tlie wealth of others" (Gest. Pontif., 184). He gatljereil together a good library for his canons and even as a bishop did not disdain to transcribe anc 1 1 )i nd hoc iks him- self. At one time Osmund thought Archbishop Ansehn too unyielding and needlessly scrupulous in the dis- pute concerning investitures and in 1095 at the Coun- cil of Rockingham favoured the king. But after the Lateran Council in 1099, he boldly sided with the archbishop and the beautiful anecdote is related, showing his simple sincerity, how when Anselm was on his way to Windsor, Osmund knelt before him and received his forgiveness. He had a great reverenc(' for St. Aldhelm who 300 years before as Bishop of Sherborne had been Osmund's predecessor. He offici- ated at the saint's translation to a more fitting shrine at Malmesbury and helped Lanfranc to obtain his canonization. Abbot Warin gave him a bone of the left arm of St. Aldhelm which he kept at Sarum where miracles were wrought. In 1228 the Bishop of Sarimi and the canons applied to Gregory IX for Osmund's canonization but not until some 200 years afterwards on 1 Jan., 1457, was the Bull issued by Callistus III. In 1472 a special indulgence was granted by Sixtus IV
