PALAMAS
415
PALATINATE
ferred to the Diocese of Osma in Spain on 24 Novem-
ber, 1653. He spent the remainder of his life labour-
ing with his usual zeal for the spiritual welfare of
his flock, which honoured and reverenced him as a
saint.
The process of his canonization was introduced in 1726 under Benedict XIII and was continued during the pontificates of Benedict XIV, Clement XIII, Clement XIV, and Pius VI. At the last session which was held on 2S February, 1777, twenty-six out of forty- one votes favoured his beatification, but Pius Vl suspended the final decision. His literary produc- tions, consisting chiefly of ascetical, pastoral, and his- torical tn-.iti-oi; in Spanish, were published in fifteen voluiiirs Ml. Ill 1. 1762).
Istrin I I II arable monsignore Don Giovanni di Palu-
fox e M. .iw 1 lAngelopoli e poi d'Osma, I, II (Florence,
1773); RosKXDE. I ula y virtudes de D. Juan de Palafox y Men- doza (Madrid, 1666); Dinoitart, Vie de Jean de Palafox (Co- logne, 1767), anti-jesuitical; Bancroft, History of Mexico, III (San Francisco, 1883), 98-134; Eodhen, Palafox y los Jesuitas (Madrid, 1878).
Michael Ott. Palamas, Gregory. See Hesychasm.
Palasor (or Palliser), Thomas, Venerable, Eng- lish martyr, b. at EUerton-upon-Swale, parish of Catterick, North Riding of Yorkshire; d. at Durham, 9 August, 1600. He arrived at Reims 24 July, 1592, whence he set out for Valladolid 24 August, 1592. There he was ordained priest in 1596. He was ar- rested in the house of John Norton, of Ravensworth, near Lamesley, County Durham, who seems to have been the second son of Richard Norton, of Norton Conyers, attainted for his share in the Rebellion of 1569. iS'^orton and his wife (if the above identifica- tion be correct, she was his second wife, Margaret, daughter of Christopher Rcdshaw of Owston) were arrested at the same time, and with them John Talbot, one of the Talbots of Thornton-le-Street, North Rid- ing of Yorkshire. All four were tried at Durham and condemned to death, Palasor for being a priest, and the others for assisting him. Another gentleman was condemned at the same time but saved his life by conforming, as they might have tlone. Mrs. Norton, being supposed to be with child, was reprieverl. The others suffered together. Bishop Challoner tells how an attempt to poison Palasor and his companions made by the gaoler's wife resulted in the conversion of her maid-servant Mary Day.
Challoner, Missionary Priesls, I, no. 122; Foster, Glover's Visitation of Yorkshire (privately printed, London, 1875), 244, 245, 577; Knox, Domy Diaries (London, 1878), 246, 247; Bibt. Diet. Eng. Calh., V, 198, 237.
John B. Wainewright.
Palatinate, Rhenish (Ger. Rheinpfalz), a former German electorate. It derives its name from the title of a royid otiicial in the old German Empire, the pals- grave (Pfahgraf) or count palatine. In the Carlovin- gian period the count palatine was merely the repre- sentative of the king in the high court of justice. Otto the Great in 937 appointed a count palatine for Ba- varia — and subsequently for other duchies also — who also had supervision of the crown lands situated in the duchy, as well as of the imperial revenues payable there, and had to see that the duke did not extend his powers at the king's expense. The palsgrave of Lor- raine, who had his seat at .\achen, was later esteemed the foremost in rank. ' In 1155, after the death of the palsgrave Hermann of Stahleck, Frederick Barbaro.ssa transferred the countship to his half-brother Conrad (11.55-95), who united the lands belonging to the office with his own possessions on the central Rhine, the inheritance of the Salie kings. He made his resi- dence at Heidelberg, where he built a strong castle. Thus the palatinate of Lorraine advanced up the Rhine and became the palatinate "of the Rhine". Neither the lands of the palatinate, nor those which Conrad had inherited, formed a compact whole; but by fur-
ther acquisitions which Conrad made, the foundation
was laid for the principality to which the name Pa-
latinate has clung. Conrad's daughter Agnes married
Henry the Lion's son, the Guelph Henry the Long,
who became palsgrave (1195-1211); in 1211 he re-
signed it to his son Henry the Younger, who d. child-
less (1214). The dignity passed to the Duke of Ba-
varia, Louis of Kelheim of the House of Wittelsbach;
Louis's son. Otto the Illustrious, married Henry the
Long's daughter, who also bore the name Agnes. In
this way the Rhenish estates of the Hohenstaufen
came to the House of Wittelsbach, in whose hands
part of them remain to the present day.
Otto the Illustrious acquired in addition, one-half of the county of Katzenellenbogen; Louis II the Severe (1253-96) received from the last Hohenstaufen, Con- radin, the latter's estates in the Nordgau, in the pres- ent Upper Palatinate {Oberpfah, in Bavaria), as pledge. In the thirteenth century the dignity of pals- grave was raised from its original ministerial character to complete independence, and the count palatine, largely in consequence of the union with Bavaria, be- came one of the powerful territorial magnates, subse- quently the foremost of the secular princes of the empire. The union with Bavaria was dissolved by Emperor Louis the Bavarian, who after 1319 governed the Palatinate also; in the family compact of Pa via, 1329, ha divided the possessions of the Wittelsbachs so that he himself retained the old Bavarian lands, while he left to his nephews Rudolf ami Huiiprecht the Rhenish Palatinate and the Upper Palatinate. This division existed until 1777. The electoral ilignity, ac- cording to the compact, was to be exercised alter- nately by Bavaria and the Palatinate; but this provi- sion was altered in the "Golden Bull" of Charles IV, to the effect that the electoral office was attached to the Palatinate alone, which on that account has since been called the electoral Palatinate; in return the Pal- atinate had to relinquish the nortliern part of the Upper Palatinate to Charles. Of the nephews of Louis the Bavarian, Rudolf reigned until 13.52, Rup- precht until 1390. Rupprecht was one of the foremost champions of the interests of the princes as opposed to the cities, and by his victory over the league of Rhen- ish cities at Alzei in 1388 again restored the princes' authority on the central Rhine. He founded the Uni- versity of Heidelberg in 1386. His nephew Rupprecht II (1390-98) regained from King Wenzel part of the Upper Palatinate; the rest was won by Rupprecht III (1398-1410), who in 1400 was elected King of Ger- many.
By the "Golden Bull" the division of a territory, to which the electoral dignity was attached, was forbid- den; this provision was evaded by selecting special estates for the establishment of younger sons. Sev- eral lines were thus formed in the Palatinate after the death of liupprccht III: thr uhl cltcioral line; the fine of Ste])hi'n, which in ll'j'.l spin iiitu Smnncrn and Zweibruckcn; the line of Xiuinarkl, cMiiirl in 1448, and the line of Mo.sbach, extinct in 1 I'.l'.t, wlicrcuijonthe lands belonging to the.se two lines rcverlcd to the elec- toral house. In the electoral line Hui)i)ri'clit III was succeeded by his son Louis III (1410-36), one of the leading personalities at the Council of Constance; the depo.sed John XXIII was held in custody by him for three years at the Castle of Eichelsheim; his men car- ried out the execution of John Hus. He laid the foun- dation of the famous Palatine Library. Louis IV (1437-49) was succeeded by his brother Frederick the Victorious (1449-75), who governed for his nephew Philip, but wore the electoral cap himself. His reign is almost wholly taken up with wars, in which he was nearly always victorious. He is entitled to s))ecial credit for his .serviceff1;o the University of Heidelberg. From his marriage with Klara Tott (or Dett) of Augs- burg the family of the princes Lowenstein is descended. After him his nephew Philip the Sincere (1475-1508)
