PANIGAROLA
444-
PANO
stanzii and tlip (loxulogy form a special hymn (s<'0
T.WTiM Emio) prescribed for Beneiliction of the
Most IMesscd Sacrament. The Vatican edition of the
Graduale gives its plain-song melody in two forms,
both of groat beauty.
Jdlun, Did. 0/ Ihjmnol.. 2nd ed., 8. v., 878 and 16S.5, for first lines of translations; Henry in Amcr. Cath. Qttarterh/ Review (April, 1S93), 2S8-292, for difficulties of translation; Idem in Amer. Ecdes. Review (March, 1890), 206-213, for text, vcrsc- translation, comment, and notes; Pimont, Hymnes du hrHiaire to- main. Ill (Paris, 1884), 164-176. A list of hymns beginning with the words "Pange lingua" is given in the Analecta Hi/mnien, IV, 70; IV, 257; and indexes passi/n. JJ. T. Henry.
Panigarola, Fr.\ncesco, preacher and contro- versialist. Bishop of Asti, b. at Milan, 6 Feb., 1548; d. at Asti. .31 May, 1.594. As a student of law at Pavia and Bologna he led a dissipated life, until, moved by grace, heentered the Orderof Friars Minorat Florence, 15 March, 1507. At the age of twenty-three he was sent to Rome, where his sermons attracted much at- tention. Pius V had him sent to Paris where for two years he studied the Fathers and the Councils, Greek and Hebrew. Returning to Italy he preached during thirteen years in the principal towns. He converted many Calvinists in France and Savoy; at Naples there was collectefl, through one of his sermons, enough money to build a hospital for incurables. He also as- sisted in the construction of the Italian church of Ant- werp, and of the Franciscan buildings at Genoa, Venice, Milan, and Turin. In 1579 Panigarola at- tended, as custos of his prov-ince, the general chapter at Paris. Finally in 1586 Sixtus V appointed him titular Bishop and Coadjutor of Ferrara, whence in 1587 he was transferred to the See of Asti. Shortly after he was sent to France as assistant to the Papal Legate, Cardinal Henry Cajetan. When Henry IV had renounced Calvinism, the bishop returned to Asti.
Melchiorri (Annales Min. cont. XXIII ad a. 1594, n. 76-81) gives the most complete catalogue of Panigarola's works. The most important are: "II Compendio degli Annali ecclesiastici del Padre Cesare Baronio", Rome, 1590; 2nd ed., Venice, 159.3, comprises only the first volume of Baronius. "B. Petri Apostolorum Principis Gesta ... in rapsodis, quam catenam appellant, speciem disposita", Asti, 1591. "Lettioni sopra dogmi, dette Cahnniche", Venice, 1584. This work, translated into Latin (Milan, 1594), was attacked by Giacomo Picenino in "Apologia per i Riformatori e per la Religione Rifor- mata contro le Invettivc di F. Panigarola e P. Se- gneri", Coira, 1706. "II Predicatore tli F. I'r.iiicisco Panigarola . . . overo Parafrase, comento r discnrsi intorno al libro dell' Elocutione di Demctno lalcri'o . . .", Venice, 1609. He also wrote commentaries (Psalms, Jeremias etc.) and many collections of ser- mons, pubhshed in Italian and Latin.
Wadding, Scriptores (Ir-I. Mm. liinnir, Isniii, s7 s!l (Rome,
1906), 88-90; Sbaralea, > ., ; / ■ 'v / N. -.,:■. ■ I;..i,h-. 180(1),
176-78, (Rome, 1908). 2!l.' M, 1: i im - 1',-,im-,m nsis, //iV
toriarum Seraphica Relviini Uhn (., rVrnifc, l.'.^iii, fol. 317; Ugbelli, Italia Sacra, IV t2nd ed.. Venice. 1719), 401-02; BoAT- TERi, Serie cronologico-storica de' Vescovi delta Chiesa d'Asti (.\sti, 1807), 110-14; TiRABOscRl, Storia delta Letteraiura italiana, VII (Rome, 1785), iii. 424-29; VII (Rome, 1784), i, 366; Melchiorri, Annates Minorum Wadd. cont., XXIII (.\ncoua, 1859), 157-64, ad an. 1.594, n. .57-84; Marcellino da Civezza, Storia Universale detle Missioni Franeescane, VII (Prato, 1SS3), i, 436-49. LiVARinS OlIGER.
Panis Angelicus. See Sacris Solemniis.
Pannartz, Arnold, and Sweinheim, Konrad, printers; Pannartz d. about 1476, .Sweinheim in 1477. Pannartz was perhaps a native of Prague, and Swein- heim of Eltville near Mainz. Zedler believes (Gu- tenberg- Forschungen, 1901) that Sweinheim worked at Eltville with Gutenberg in 1461-64. Whether Pannartz had been connected with Sweinheim in Germany is not known. It is certain that the two brought Gutenberg's invention to Italy.
The Benedictine monastery of Subiaco was the cradle of Italian printing. Probably Cardinal Gio-
vanni of Turrecremata, who was Abbot in cnmv}cndam
of Subiaco, summoned the two printers t here. They
came in 1464. The first book that they printed at
Subiaco was a Donatus; it has not, however, been
preserved. The first book printed in Italy that is
still extant was a Cicero, "Do oratore" (now in the
Buchgewerbehaus at Leipzig), issued in September,
1465. It was followed by Lactantius, "De divinis
institutionibus", in October, 1465, and Augustine's
"De civitate Dei" (1467). These four impn-s.sions
from Subiaco are of particular importance, because
they abandon the Gothic type of the early German
books. In Italy Roman characters were demanded.
Pannartz and Sweinheim, however, did not produce
a pure but only a "half Roman" type.
In 1467 the two printers left Subiaco and settled at Rome, where the brothers Pietro and Francesco de' Massimi placed a house at their disposal. Their proof and manuscript reader was Giovan de' Bussi, since 1469 Bishop of Aleria. The works they printed are given in two lists of their publications, issued in 1470 and 1472. Up to 1472 they had published twenty- eight theological and classical volumes, viz. the Bible, Lactantius, Cyprian, Augustine, Jerome, Leo the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Cicero, Apuleius, Gellius, Virgil, Livy, Strabo, PHny, Quintilian, Suetonius, Ovid etc., in editions varying from 275 to 300 copies each, in all 12,475 volumes. But the printers shared the fate of their master, Gutenberg; they could not sell their books, and fell into want. In 1472 they applied to Sixtus IV for Church benefices. From this we know that both were ecclesiastics: Pannartz of Cologne and Sweinheim of Mainz. The pope had a reversion drawn up for them, a proof of his great interest in printing. In 1474 Sweinheim was made a canon at St. Victor at Mainz. It is not known whether Pannartz also obtained a benefice. Perhaps the pope also aided them; at any rate they printed eighteen more works in 1472 and 1473. After this they .sepa- rated. Pannartz printed by liimself twelve further volumes. Sweinheim took up engraving on metal and executed the fine maps for the "Cosmography" of Ptolemy, the first work of this kind, but died before he had finished his task.
Burger, The Printers and Pubtisfiers of the XV Century (Lon- don, 1902), 523, 524, 605, 606; FrMAOALLi. Dictionnaire geogr. d' Italic pour servir a Vhistoire dr /'/r,>r'"'"'fN— j> r/ans ce pays (Flor- ence, 1905), 331-37, 405-09; I,..i ' i ~ i-him und Pannartz in Zeitschrift fur Bacherfreuihl. I li i ^11, 1905), 311-17; Idem, Die ersten deuischen Dru./.- I .'.. ' in Ilisturisch-poli-
tischc Blatter, CXLIII (Munich VM'Ji. I., J7.
Klbiuens Loffler. Pannonhalma. See Martinsberg.
Pane Indians, a former important mission tribe on tiie middle Ucayali River, Peru, being the principal of a group of twenty or more closely cognate tribes con- stituting the Panoan linguistic stock, and holding most of the territory of the Huallaga, Ucayali, and Javarl Rivers in north-eastern Peru, with outlying tribes on the Jurud, Puru6, Beni, and upper waters of the Madeira in extreme western Brazil and northern Bolivia. Among the most important of these beside the Pano, arc the Cashibo, Conibo, Mayoruna (q. v.), Remo, Sensi, Setebo, and Shipibo, all of whom, ex- cepting the Cashibo who are still cannibal savages, were at one time in part connected with the famous .lesuit missions of the "Province of Mainas" (see Mainas), of which the central headquarters was at first San Francisco de Borja and later the Pano town, of Laguna.
The primitive culture of the Pano and eogiuite tribes was very similar, and was intermediate bet u ecu that of the Quichua tribes of Peru and the wandering savages of the Amazon forests. They were sed,_>ntary and agricultural. Their villages, always close to the water, consisted of large communal structures of oval shape, and sometimes more than 120 feet in length,
