PASTOR
538
PASTOR
their nature, and differing from those of a bisho]),
which are legislative, judici.al, and coactive. A pas-
tor is properly called a parish-priest (paroclnts) when
he exercises the cure of souls in his own name with
regard to a determined number of subjects, who are
obUged to appl.y to him for the reception of certain
sacraments specified in the law. In this article
"parish-priest" is always taken in this strict sense.
Pastors (whether parisli-pricsts or not) are either ir-
removable (iiuimovihilcs) or movable (amovihilcs ad
nutum). An irremovable pastor or rector is one
whose office gives him the right of perpetuity of tenure;
that is, he cannot be removed or transferred except
for a canonical reason, viz., a reason laid down in the
law, and, in the case of a criminal charge, only after
trial. (See Irremov.\bii.ity.) A movable pastor or
rector is one whose office does not give him this right;
but the bishop m\ist have some just and proportionate
reason for dismissing or transferring hira against his
will, and, should the priest believe himself wronged in
the matter, he may have recourse to the Holy See, or
to its representative where there is one having power
in such cases. Moreover, according to some canonists,
even movable pastors in case of a criminal charge
cannot be absolutely removed from their office without
a trial (cf. PierantoncUi, "Pra.xis Fori Ecclesiastici,"
tit. iv; Smith, "Elements of Ecclesiastical Law", n.
418.) This, certainly, is the case in the United States
of America (Decrees of Propaganda, 28 March, and
20 May, 1887).
The Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, cap. xiii, de Ref .) shows it to be the mind of the Church that dioceses should, wherever it is possible, be divided into canoni- cal parishes (see Parish), to be governed by irremov- able parish-priests. In places, therefore, where the Tridentine law cannot be fully carried out, bishops adopt measures which fulfil this requirement as nearly as circumstances allow. One such measure was the erection of quasi-parishes, districts with defined limits, ordered for the United States in 1868 (Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, n. 124). Another such was the institution of irremovable rectors (pastors with the right of perpetuity of tenure), ordered for England in 1852 (First Provincial Council of Westminster, Deer, xiii), and for the United States in 1886 (Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, n. 33).
The power to appoint pastors is ordinarily vested in the bishop. Among the candidates possessed of the necessary qualifications the appointment should fall on the one who is best fitted for the office. More- over, according to the Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, cap. xviii, de Ref) candidates for the office of parish- priest should (a few cases excepted) pass a competi- tive examination {concursus). This provision of the Council of Trent is .sometimes by particular enact- ments applied in the selection of candidates for the office of irremovable rectors, as happens in the United States (Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, tit. ii, cap. vi).
With regard to the faculties and powers of pastors, those of pari.sh-priests are sufficiently defined by the law, and hence are ordinary, not delegated. Of these faculties some are called rights strictly parochial, be- cause in a parish they belong exclusively to the parish- priest, so that their subjects cannot with regard to them have recourse to another priest, except with his or the bishop's con.scnt. These rights are the follow- ing: the right of administering baptism, holy viati- cum, and extreme unction in all cases where there is no urgent necessity; the right of administering paschal communion, of proclaiming the banns of marriage, and of blessing marriages. To the parish-priest are also reserved the celebration of funerals (except in certain cases specified in the law), and the imparting of certain blessings, the chief one being blessing of the bap- tismal font. To pastors, who are not parish-priests, the right of assisting at marriages is given by the law
as to parish-priests. The other rights usually are
granted to them by the bishops and arc defined in the
particular laws; such is very coninioiiiy the case in the
United States, England, and Scotland, with regard to
baptism, holy viaticum, extreme unction, antl funerals.
Mention should be made here of the custom which
exists in certain dioceses of the United States, whereby
the faithful of one district are permitted to receive
such sacraments from the pastor of another district if
they rent a pew in his church (Second Plenary Council
of Baltimore, nn. 117, 124, 227, and the statutes of
several diocesan synods). Rights not strictly paro-
chial are those which belong by law to parish-priests,
but not exclusively. .Such are the faculties of preach-
ing, celebrating Mass, low or solemn, hearing confes-
sions, administering Holy Communion. Pastors who
are not parish-priests receive these faculties from their
bishop.
Pastors are naturally entitled to a salary. This is furnished by the revenues of the parochial benefice, should there be one; otherwise, it is taken from the revenues of the church or from the offerings. Such offerings as the faithful contribute of their own ac- cord, without specifying the purpose of their donation, belong to the pastor. This assertion is based on the presumption that these gifts are meant to show the gratitude of the faithful towards the priests who spend their lives in caring for the souls committed to their charge. This presumption, however, ceases wherever custom or law provides that at least a certain portion of these offerings should belong to the church. This is generally the case where churches, not possessing other sources of income, depend entirely on the offerings. An illustration of such laws is to be found in the eighth decree of the Second Provincial Council of Westmin- ster, approved by Leo XIII in the Constitution "Ro- manos Pontifices" of 8 May, 1881. Accordingly, in countries where this is in force, the usual collections taken up in the churches belong to each mission, in addition to the pew-rents, and it is from these reve- nues that the salaries of pastors and assistants are or- dinarily drawn.
Pastors, besides having rights, have also obliga- tions. They must preach and take care of the religious instruction of the faithful, especially of the young, supply their spiritual needs by the administration of the sacraments, reside in their parish or mission, ad- minister diligently the property entrusted to their care, watch over the moral conduct of their parish- ioners, and remove, as far as possible, all hindrances to their salvation. Moreover, parish-priests must make a profession of faith and take the oath prescribed by Pius X in his " Motu Proprio ", 1 Sept., 1910; they must also offerthe Holy Sacrifice on behalf of their flock on Sundays and certain holydays set down in the law. When the number of the faithful entrusted to the care of the pastor is so large that he alone cannot fulfil all the duties incum- bent on his office,the bishop has the right to order him to take as many priests to help him as may be neces- sary. These are called assistants or auxiliary priests, and differ both from coadjutors who are given to pas- tors for other reasons determined by the law, and from administrators who take charge of a parish during its vacancy, or the absence of its pastor.
Positive law (Council of Trent, Sess. XXI, cap. iv, de Ref.), modified in some countries by custom, re- serves to the parish-priest the right to choose his assist- ants, a choice, however, which is subject to the approval of the bishop, and it is also from the bishop that assistants receive their faculties. The amount of their salary is likewise to be determined by the bishop, and, as to its source, the same rules hold as those already mentioned with regard to pastors. As to their removal, (a) when their nom- ination belongs by law to the parish-priest, they can be removed either by him or by the bishop, (b)
