PAULINE
585
PAULINUS
(1) Photius, Four books against the Paulicians(Ai777»)(ris
Trepi Ti}S Tujv veotpdvToiv fjLavLxaiojv dva^\a(TTT^o-eios) ^ in
P. G., CII, 15-264. (2) Euthymius Zigabenus, in his
"Panoplia", XXIV [P. G., CXXX, 11S9, sqq., sep-
arate edition of the part about the Paulicians, ed.
Gieseler (Gottingen, 1S41)]. (3) Peter the Abbot,
"Concerning the Paulicians and Manichees", ed.
Gieseler (Gottingen, 1S49), who identifies the author
with Petrus Siculus, who wrote a "Historia Manieha;-
orum qui Pauliciani dicuntur", first published by
Hader (Ingolstadt, 1604), of which work Gieseler con-
siders "Concerning the Paulicians" to be merely an
excerpt. (4) George Monachos, "Chronikon", ed.
Muralt (St. Petersburg, 1853).
Of Photius's work only book I contains the history; the rest is a collection of homilies against the heresy. There is interdependence between these four sources. The present state of criticism (due chiefly to Karapet Ter-NIkrttschian) is this: — Photius's account (book I) falls into two parts. Chapters i-xiv are authentic, xv-xxvii a later edition. The original source of all is lost. George Monachos used this. Peter the Monk cither copied George or used the original work. Pho- tius may have used Peter (so Ter-Mrkftschian) or lierhaps the original. Derived from these are Ziga- benus and the spurious part of Photius's book. Bon- wetsch (Realencyklopiidie fur prot. Theol., 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1904, XV, 50) represents (according to Fried- rich and as probable only) the order of derivation as: (1) An arcouTit contained in a MS. of the tenth cen- tury (Coil. Si-diial., 1, *, 1, fol. 164 sqq.), ed. Friedrich in the "Sitzun^.^lxricht der Miinchener Akademie", (1S96), 70-81; (2) Photius, i-x; (3) George Mona- chos; (4) Peter the Abbot; (5) Zigabenus; (6) Pseudo- Photius, x-xxvii; (7) Petrus Siculus.
Other sources are the Armenian bishop, John Ozniensis [ed. by Aucher (Venice, 1834), and used by Dollinger and Conybeare], and the "Key of Truth" [Mrkttschian in "Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte", ISO.i, and Cnnvboare's edition, Armenian and English, with iiitniduftion and notes (Oxford, 1S9S)].
Ter-.Mkrttschun. Die Paulkinn.r in, l.,,r,i,'lutischen Kaiser- reick uii'l verwamitc kcUerische Er.'^r} / Uinenien (Leip- zig, 1S9.3); Dollinger, Beitrdge --« "lile des Miltel- aUers. I (Munich. 1890). 1-31; I...M,..; .,, I':.. ,u-ns. Bulgares el Bonskommes (Geneva, 1879); I1lki.i,:.U(.ihlu, Photius. Ill (Ratisbon, 1869). 143-53; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. BrnY, VI (London, 189S), liv, and appendix 6; Adenet, The Greek and Eastern Churches (Edinburgh, 1908), v.
Adrian Fortescue.
Pauline Privilege. See Divorce.
Paulinus, Saint, Archbishop of York, d. at Roch- ester, 10 Oct., 644. He was a Roman monk in St. Andrew's monastery at Rome, and was sent by St. Gregory the Great in 601, with St. Mellitus and others, to help St. Augustine and to carry the pallium to him. He laboured in Kent — with the possible exception of a mission to East Anglia before 616 — till 625, when he accompanied Ethelburga (-iEthelburh), the sister of King Eadbald of Kent, when she went to the Nor- thumbrian Court to marry King Edwin, then a pagan (see Edwin, Saint). Before leaving Kent, he was consecrated bishop by St. Justus, Archbishop of Can- terbury. He was successful in converting Edwin and large numbers of his people, the king's baptism taking place on 12 April, 627. With the assistance of St. Edwin, he established his see at York and began to build a stone church there. His apostolic labours in instructing and baptizing the people of the north country were unceasing, and tradition perpetuates his ministry at Yeavering, Catterick Bridge, Dewsbury, Easingwold, Southwell, and elsewhere, while his own name is preserved in the village of Pallingsburn in Northumbria. On the defeat of St. Edwin in 633, Paulinus carried the queen and her children safely to Kent; and, as the heathen reaction under Penda made missionary work impossible in Northumbria, he de- voted himself to the Diocese of Rochester, then vacant.
It was after his flight that he received the pallium from
Rome (634), sent to him as Archbishop of York.
Though Anglican writers have disagreed among them-
selves as to whether he was justified in leaving his
archbishopric. Catholic writers, following St. Bede,
have held that he had no choice and was the best
judge of what was advisable under the circumstances.
St. Bede describes him as tall and thin with a slightly
stooping figure; he had black hair and an aquiline
nose and was of venerable and awe-inspiring aspect.
He was buried in his church at Rochester, and, on the
rebuilding of the cathedral, his relics were translated
by Archbiship Lanfranc to a silver shrine where they
lay till the Reformation. His festival is observed in
England on 10 Oct., the anniversary of his death.
Bede, Hist. Ecc, II, ix, xii-xiv, xvi-xx; Ajigln-Suxon Chronicle, ann. 601, 625. 633. and 644: Registrum Raffense (London, 1769); Alcuin, De poniif. eccl. Ebor. in P. L., CI; Capgrave, Nova Leaeiida Anglia (Oxford, 1901); Acta SS., V. October; Bibl. hagios!. lat. (Brussels. 190i): Challoner, Britannia Sancta (Lon- don, 1745); Butler, Lives of the Saints, 10 Oct.; Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus (evi Saxonici (London, 1839-48) ; Haddan and Stubbs, Ecclesiastical Documents, I, III (Oxford, 1869-78); Bright, Chapters of Early Eng. Church Hist. (Oxford, 1878); Raine, Historians of the Church of York, Rolls Series (London, 1S79-94): Birch. Cartularium Saxonicum (London. 1885-93); Raine in Diet. Christ. Biog., s. v. Paulinus (20); Stanton, Me- nology (London. 1892), 10 Oct.; SeaRLE, Anglo-Saxon Bishops. Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899); Hunt in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; C.\BROL, Angleterre chretienne avant les Norniands (Paris, 1909).
Edwin Burton.
Paulinus, Saint, Bishop op Noi.a (Pontius Meropius Aniciu.s Paulinus), b. at Bordeaux about 354; d. 22 June, 431. He sprang from a distinguished family of Aquitania and his education was entrusted to the poet Ausonius. He became governor of the Prov- ince of Campania, but he soon reaUzed that he could not find in public life the happiness he sought. From 380 to 390 he lived almost entirely in his native land. He married a Spanish lady, a Christian named Therasia. To her, to Bishop Delphinus of Bordeaux and his successor the Presbyter Amandus, and to St. Martin of Tours, who had cured him of some disease of the eye, he owed his conversion. He and his brother were baptized at the same time by Delphinus. When Paulinus lost his onlj' child eight days after birth, and when he was threatened with the charge of having murdered his brother, he and his wife decided to with- draw from the world, and to enter the monastic life. They went to Spain about 390.
At Christmas, 394, or 395, the inhabitants of Barce- lona obliged him to be ordained, which was not ca- nonical as he had not previou.sly received the other orders. Having had a special devotion to St. Felix, who was buried at Nola in Campania, he laid out a fine avenue leading to the church containing Felix's tomb, and beside it he erected a hospital. He decided to settle down there with Therasia; and he distrib- uted the largest part of his possessions among the poor. In 395 he removed to Nola, where he led a rigorous, ascetic, and monastic life, at the same time contrib- uting generously to the Church, the aqueduct at Nola, and the construction of basilicas in Nola, Fondi etc. The basilica at Nola counted five naves and had on each side four additions or chapels (cubicula), and an apsis arranged in a clover shape. This was connected with the old mortuary chapel of St. Felix by a gallery. The side was richly decorated with marble, silver lamps and lustres, paintings, statuary, and inscrip- tions. In the apsis was a mosaic which represented the Blessed Trinity, and of which in 1512 some rem- nants were still found.
About 409 Paulinus was chosen Bishop of Nola. For twenty years he discharged hi.s fliities in a most praiseworthy manner. __His litters contain numerous Biblical quotations anil allusioiis; f\i rything he per- formed in the spirit of the Bililr and expres.se<l in Biblical language. Gennadius mentions the writings of Paulinus in his continuation of St. Jerome's "De
