PAULINUS
587
PAULISTS
zione in A. Mamoni e in S. PaoUno, vol. X (Bologna, 1898);
Centenario di S. Paolina, numero unico (Cividale, 1906) ; Ceil-
LiER, Hisioire generate des auteurs sacres (Paris, 1862) ; DE RuBEls,
Monumenta Eccl. Aquilejensis (Straaburg, 1740); Idem, £)isser-
tationes varicE erudilionis (Venice, 1762) ; Diplomata of Charles
the Great in P. L.; DiJmmler, Mon. Germ. Hist.: Poet. Lot.
av. Karol. I, 160-351 (Hanover, 1875-89) ; Ellero, S. Paolino
Patriarca d'Aquileia (Cividale, 1901); Foschia, S. Paolino
(Udine, 1SS4); Giannoni, Paulinus II Patriarch von Aquiteja
(Vienna, 1896) ; Leicht, I diplomi imperiali concessi ai Patriarchi
d'Aquileia (Udine. 1895): Hoepli, Miscellanea per il XI Cente-
nario di S. Paolino (Milan. 1905); Tamassia, Paolo Diacono
(Cividale, 1900); Tiraboschi. Storia d. lell. Ital, III (Rome,
1782); Wiegand. Paulinus von Aquileia.
Aldigi Cossio.
Paulinus a S. Bartholomaeo (Philip Wesdin), missionary and Orientalist, b. at Hoff in Lower Aus- tria, 25 Apr., 1748; d. in Rome, 7 Jan., 1806. Having entered the Carmelite Order, he was sent in 1774 as missionary to India (Malabar) and there was ap- pointed vicar general of his order and Apostolic visitor. Recalled in 1789 to Rome to give an account of the state of that mission, he was charged with the edition of books for the use of missionaries. On account of political troubles he stayed from 1798 to 1800 at Vienna. He returned to Rome as prefect of studies at the Propaganda. Paulinus is the author of many learned books on the East, which were highly valued in their day and have contributed much to the study and knowledge of Indian literature and Indian life. We are indebted to him for the first printed Sanskrit gram- mar. The following are some of his more important works :
(1) "Systemabrahmanicum liturgicum, mythologi- cum, civile, ex monumentis indicis musei Borgiani Vclitris dissertationibus historico-criticis illustratum" (Rome, 1791), translated into German (Gotha, 1797); (2) "Examen historico-criticum codieum indicorum bibliotheca; S. C. de Propaganda" (Rome, 1792); (.3) "Musei Borgiani Velitris codices manuscripti avenses, Peguani, Siamici, Malabarici, Indostani . . . illustrati" (Rome, 1793); (4) "Viaggio alle Indie orientali" (Rome, 1796), translated into German by Forster (Berlin, 1798); (5) "Sidharubam, seu Gram- matica sanscridamica, cui accedit dissert, hist. crit. in linguam sanscridamicam vulgo Samscret dictam" (Rome, 1799), another edition of which appeared under the title "Vyacaranam" (Rome, 1S04); (6) "India orientalis Christiana" (Rome, 1794), an im- portant work for the history of missions in India. Other works bear on linguistics and church history.
Bakone. Vita, precursori ed opere di P. Paolino da S. Bartolo- meo (Naples, 1888) ; Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongrega- tionen der katholischen Kirche, II (2nd ed., Paderborn. 1907), 568-69.
LiVARius Oliqer.
Paulinus of Antioch. See Meletius of Antioch.
Paulinus of Pella, Christian poet of the fifth century; b. at Pella in Macedonia, but of a Bordelaise family. He was the son of an official, which explains his birth in Macedonia and his sojourn at Carthage while he was a child. He soon returned to Bordeaux. He was probably the grandson of the poet Ausonius. At the age of eighty-three he composed an account of his life: "Eucharisticon Deo sub ephemeridis meae textu". His autobiography is a <hank.sgiving, al- though illness, loss of property, and dangers from in- vasion occupy more space in it than do days of happi- ness. The account is interesting, for it presents a sincere picture of the period, and the expression of exalted sentiments. Unfortunately the style and versification do not always correspond to the sincerity and the height of inspiration. The date is uncertain. The passage which apparently gives it (474 sqq.) is altered but may be between 4.59 and 465. The very name of the author has not been preserved by the single MS. of the poem. We know it only through Margarin de La Bigne, the author of the " Bibliotheca Patrum" (Paris, 1579, appendix, VIII), who had
handled another manuscript giving the name of Pau-
linus. The "Eucharisticon" was published by W.
Brandes in vol. I of "Poet^e Christian! minores"
Teuffel, Gesch. d. rOm. Literatur, §474, 4; Ebert, Gesch: d.
lAteratuT des Mittelalters, I (Leipzig, 1889), 405; Ddchebne, Fast,
ipis. de Vancienne Gaule, II (2nd ed., Paris, 1900), pt. II.
Padl Ibjay.
Paulists. — From the time that the abode and vir- tues of St. Paul the first hermit (q. v.) were revealed to St. Anthony, various communities of hermits adopted him as patron. The name Paulists, however, was also applied to the members of congregations es- tablished under the patronage of St. Paul the Apostle. (See the articles on Barnabites; Minims; Piarists; and Theatines.)
(1) Hermits of St. Paul of Hungary, formed in 1250 by Blessed Eusebius of Gran, of two communities, one founded at Patach in 1215 by Bishop Bartholomew of Pecs who united the scattered hermits of his dio- cese, and the other consisting of his own followers. In 1246 Blessed Eusebius, canon of the cathedral of Gran, resigned his dignities, distributed his goods among the poor, and withdrew to the solitude of Pisilia, a forest near Zante, to lead a life of penance with a few companions. Four years later he is said to have been admonished in a vision to gather into community the other hermits living in the vicinity, for whom he built a monastery and church. In the same year he proposed and obtained affiliation with the Patach community under the rule prescribed by its founder, and was chosen superior. He received the approba- tion of Ladislaus, Bishop of Pecs, for the new congrega- tion, but the publication of the decrees of the Lateran Council at this time necessitated a journey to Rome to secure the further sanction of the Holy See. In 1263 a new rule was given the congregation by the Bishop of Pecs, which was superseded by still another drawn up by Andrew, Bishop of Agria, after the death of Eusebius (20 Jan., 1270), and this was fol- lowed until 1308, when the permission of the Holy See was obtained to adopt the Rule of St. Augustine. The order was accorded many privileges by succeeding pontiffs, among others that of exemption from episco- pal jurisdiction, and provisions were made for the pursuit of higher studies in many of the monasteries, one papal regulation ordaining that no member could be raised to any dignity in the order without the de- gree of Doctor of Divinity, for which a rigid examina- tion was prescribed.
The congregation spread rapidly through Hungary, where alone it soon numbered 170 houses, and it at- tained an equal degree of prosperity in other countries, being divided into five flourishing provinces: Hungary, Germany (including Croatia), Poland, Istria, and Sweden. In 1381 the body of St. Paul, patron of the order, was transferred from Venice to the monastery of St. Laurence in Hungary, which thereby gained greatly in prestige. Among the other famous houses of the congregation were the historical Polish monas- tery of Our Lady of Claremont (commonly called Czestochovia), with its miraculous image of Our Lady (according to legend the work of St. Luke and dis- covered by St. Helena with the True Cross), and the monasteries at Presburg and Neustadt near Vienna. The church of San Stefano Rotondo at Rome was attached to the Hungarian College by Gregory XIII. In 1783 a number of houses in Austria, Bohemia, Styria, etc. were suppressed, and political disturb- ances in Hungary brought the same fate to most of the Hungarian convents, which had rendered in- calculable services to religion and education. The destruction of the annals of these houses left the his- torical sources very meagre. There are still a few houses of the congregation in Galicia and Russian Poland, and the church connected with the mon.astery at Kracow may be regarded as a national sanctuary.
