PAULUS
592
PAVIA
simple diction the most important facts, and pre-
serving for us many ancient myths and popular tra-
ditions replete with an enthusiaslio interest in the
changing fortunes of (he Lombard people. That this
work Wiis in constant use until well into the fifteenth
century is evident from the numerous manuscript
copies, excerpts, and eontinuatiDus extant. In ad-
dition to these historical works, I'auliis also wrote a
commentarj' on the Rule of St. Benedict, and a widely-
usc<l collection of homilies entitled "Ilomiliarium",
both of which have been preserved only in revised
form. Several letters, epitaphs, and poems are still
extant, and have been edited by Dtimmler in "Mon.
Germ. Hist.: Poetae hit. a?vi Carolini", I, 18S1.
Bethmann, Paulus Diaconus leben und schri/ten uud die ge- schichtschreibung der Lant/nbarden in Archiv dcr Gesellachnft /Or alter deiUscheGeschichtskunde.X (Hanover, 1851); Wattenbach, Drtitschlands Geschichtsquellen, I (Berlin, 1893) , 163-71 ; Potthast, Bibliotheca historica, II (Berlin. 1896), 898-905.
Patricius Schlager.
Paulus VenetUS, theologian of the Hermits of the Order of Saint .\ugustine, b. according to the chron- iclers of his order, at Udine, about 1368; d. at Venice, 15 June, 142S. He made his religious profession in the Convent of Saint Stephen, Venice, whence the name, Venctus. In 1.390 he is said to have been sent to Ox- ford for his studies in theology, but returned to Italy, and finished his course at Padua. He lectured in the University at Padua during the first quarter of the fifteenth century. His writings, aside from any ques- tion of their present worth, show a wide knowledge and interest in the scientific problems of his time. Besides the usual lectures on the four books of "Sentences", sermons, and instructions, he wrote "De Conceptione B. jMaria" Virginis", "De quadratura circuli", "De circulis componentibus mundum", "Logiea parva et logica magna". This last, also known as "Logiea Duplex", was largely used as a textbook during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and was several times reprinted. Paulus was one of the theologians called to Rome in 1427, by Martin V, to take cogni- zance of the charges brought against St. Bernardino of Siena, occasioned by the preaching of the "new devotion" to the Holy Name.
Lanteri, Postrema siFcuta sex Teligionis Augustiniancp (Tolen- tino, 1S5S): Arpe, Pantheon Augustinianum (Genoa, 1709).
Francis E. Tourscher.
Pavia, Diocese of (Papia), in Lombardy, North- em Italy. It is situated in a fertile plain; the city is connected with Milan by the Naviglio canal. It was once famous for the manufacture of organs. Of its many medieval towers, which gave to it the name of "city of the hundred towers", few remain; a covered bridge dating from the fourteenth century is worthy of note. The cathedral was built by Rocchi and Omodeo (1488) on the site of the churches of San Stefano and Santa Maria del Popolo; it contains paintings by Crcspi, Gatti, and others; a beautiful silver reliquary of the Holy Thorns, and a carved pulpit by Zanella; the altar of St. Syrus, in the crypt, is by Orseolo. The Church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro is the former cathe- dral, restored in the twelfth century; it receives its present name from the golden background of its mosa- ics; the body of St. Augustine is preserved in this church; King Luitprand brought it here from Sardinia and concealed it. It was rediscovered in 169.5 in a casket of lead and silver, within a marble enclosure; there were lengthy proceedings for its identification; the marble tomb is an exquisite production of the four- teenth centurj', ordered by the prior Bonifacio, of the family of t h(> marquesses Bottigello ; it fe adorned with 50 bas-reliefs and 95 statuettes. Boethius is also buried there. Other churches are: Santa Maria del Carmine (1370), a Gothic structure, contains beauti- ful paintings; San Francesco (1260), also Gothic; Santa Maria di Canepanova (1492), planned by Bra- mante, an octagonal building with a cupola and beau-
tiful frescoes, contains the mausoleum of the Duke of
Brunswick; San Teodoro, Lombard period, under its
altar are St. Theodore's relics; San Michele Maggiore
(seventh century), where tlie kings wore cniwncd, the
most notable monument of Lombard architecture,
contains a crucifix of the eighth century; San Marino,
built by King Astolfo, and n'storcd in I ISl ; Sts. Primo
and Feliciano; Sania Maria in Bothlcm, a Lombard
structure; San Salvaloro (seventh cenlury), contains
tombs of several Liiinlianl kings; San Lanfranco
(1237), contains the tomb of its patron saint, made by
order of Cardinal I'allavicino in 1498. Outside the
city is the famous Certosa, founded by Gian (ialeazzo
Visconti; its facade (1491) refiectsthe Lombard style,
but with a marvellous variety of ornament anil sculp-
ture; it is divided into three naves liy (iotliic [jillars;
the hahlachinn of the altars of the side chai)els are all
of co.stly mosaics; the paintings are mostly by Bor-
gognone, although there are some by Perugino, Man-
tegna, Pordenone, and others; the choir stalls are of
inlaid work; the tomb of Gian Galeazzo and the figures
taken from the tombs of Lodo^'ico il Moro and of his
wife are the most beautiful productions of Lombard
sculpture.
Among the secular buildings are: the Castello Vis- conteo (1360), despoiled by Louis XII, who carried away its library; the university, which grew out of the grammar schools and the scliools of Roman and of Lombard law, enlarged by Maria Theresa and Jo.soph II, with several colleges connected with it, viz. the Ghislieri college (St. Pius V), the Borromeo college (St. Charles), the Gandini college (St. Augustine), and others; and the Museo Civico has a picture gallery, a library, and a collection of copper engravings.
Pavia is the ancient Ticinum, founded by the La'vi and Marici, two Ligurian peoples; at a date not well determined it came under Roman power, and was given to the Papia tribe, whence the name of Papia, which, however, does not occur before the time of Paulus Diaconus. In a. d. 271, Emperor Aurelian inflicted there a decisive defeat upon the .4!amanni; the city was destroyed byAlaric (4.52); Odoacer, however, transformed it into a stronghold, and stationed there his Heruli and Rugii; Theodoric built a royal palace at Pavia, also an amphitheatre, therma> etc. Through- out the Gothic War, the city was held by the Goths, although they were defeated in a battle near there in 538. Pavia resisted Alboin, King of the Lombards, for three years, and then became the capital of the Lombard Kingdom, and when it was taken from the Lombards by Charlemagne (battles of Pavia of 754, 755, and 774), it remained the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, where the diets of that realm were held. In the tenth century, the Hungarians brought devasta- tion upon the city on several occasions, especially in 924.
The schools of Pavia were famous in the time of Charlemagne, who took from there the grammarian Petrus Pisanus ; in 825 a palatine school was estab- lished in the monastery of San Agostino, under the Irishman Dungal. In 901 Berengarius besieged Louis of Provence in Pavia. When Emperor St. Henry II, after defeating Arduin of Ivrea in 1004, was crowned King of Italy at Pavia, the citizens rose against him, and set fire to the town. At his death they destroyed the imperial palace, and resisted Con- rad the Salian for two years. The republican Govern- ment of the city began at this t ime, but the period of continual wars against neighbouring cities continued: Milan (1061, 1109), Piacenza, Tortona (1109); Pavia, however, was almost always in alliance with Cremona. On the other hand, it gave assistance to Milan in lUO against Emperor Henry V, and also in the war of Como, in 1 127; l)ut from thr Ixgiiining of the reign of Barbarossa, it became strongly imperialist, while the emperors were prodigal in bestowing rights and privi- leges upon the city, e. g. allowing it to elect its own
