PAVILLON
594
PAZ
from Charles IV a studium gcnerale with the privileges
aceorded to the most renowned universities. Promo-
tions were made by the bishop, who issued the licence
to teach. Galeazzo forbade his subjects to study in
any other university. In 1389 Boniface IX confirmed
its rights and privileges. In 1398 it was transferred to
Piacenza, and from 1404 to 1412 it was suspended on
accovmt of continued warfare. Re-established by
Filippo Maria Visconti in 1412, it excelled in Roman
Law, soon surpivssing Bologna.
.Ajnong the profes.sors of the first epoch may be men- tioned: tlie jurisconsults Cristoforo Castiglioni {legum monarca); Castiglione Branda, afterwards cardinal, founder of the Collegio Branda; Catone Sacco, founder of a college for poor students; Giasone del Maino the Magnificent (XV century); Andrea Alciato (from l.i3r)); Gasp. Visconti, afterwards cardinal; Fi- lippo Portalupi, first professor of criminology (1578); .\nt. .Mcrenda (11)33); the canonists Francesco Bossi, afterwards Bishop of Como, and Trivulzio Scaramuc- cia, afterwards cardinal. The first teacher of medicine was Augusto Toscani (from 1370) ; in 1389 the ehair of surgery was founded. Other celebrated professors were Giovanni Dondi, who constructed the clock in the Torrione of Padua; Marsiglio S. Sofia {mediciiue monarca, XIV century); Francesco Vittuone (1442- 43), philosopher and physician; Benedetto da Norcia (1455); Gerolamo Cordano, naturalist and astrologer (d. 1576) ; Gabriele Carcano, first professor of anatomy. Lectures in astrology (astronomy) were held from 1374. The first to teach mathematics was Francesco Pella- cani (1425); in the seventeenth century the professors of mathematics were often chosen from the religious, e. g. the Servites Fil. Ferrari (1046), and Gio. Batt. Drusiano, who first taught military architecture (1645) and assisted in the defence of the city during the French siege of 1655.
Philosophical branches were taught from 1374, the professors of which also taught medicine; in the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries the professors were mostly religious. The study of rhetoric and the classics began in 1389, and in 1399 a chair of Dante was instituted and was held by Filippo da Reggio. Lorenzo Valla, Francesco Filelfo, Giorgio Valla (first professor of Greek literature, 1466), and Demetrios Chalcocondylas (1492) shed lustre on the university during the Renaissance. Hebrew was first taught by Benedetto di Spagna (1491); Bernardo Regazzola (1.500), the Antiquary, was one of the founders of archseology. The first professor of theology was the Franciscan Pietro Filargo, afterwards Alexander V; after this many of the professors were Augustinians, as Bonifacio Bottigella; Alberto Crespi (1432), promi- nent at the Council of Basle; and Blessed Giovanni Porzio, author of many commentaries on the Bible. Others were Francesco della Rovere (1444), after- wards Sixtus IV; Cardinal Gaetano (1498-99); the Orientalist Enrico della Porta, O.P. (1751).
The fame of the university diminished greatly from 1600. In 1763 Maria Theresa reorganized the courses, especially by increasing the number of chairs and add- ing various institutes and collections. But the theo- logical faculty then became a source of anti-Roman- ism through the professors Tamburini and Zola; in 1859 it was suppressed Among the professors of this second epoch were Gandolfi ; the gynscologist Porro ; the physiologist Mantegazza; Cesare Lombroso; Golgi, awarded the Nobel prize for his studies on the nervous system; in jurisprudence: Giovanni Silva; Luigi Cremani (1775); Domenico Vario; Romagnosi, the reformer of public law; in the natural sciences: the ■\bbate Spallanzani (1769); and .Messandro Volta; in mathematics: the Jesuit Boscovich; Mascheroni; Co- dazza, renowned for his researches on heat and mag- netism; in philo.sophy: the Olivetan Baldinotti (1783); and Ruggero Boughi; in literature: Vincenzo Monti; Ugo Foscolo; and the Orientalist Hager. Connected
with the university are a museum of mineralogy, zo-
ology, and comparative anatomy, cabinets of physics,
of normal anatomy, and pathology, of physiology, and
experimental pathology, various clinics, a chemical
laboratory, and a cabinet of numismatics and arch;rol-
ogy. There are eighteen burses for graduate study.
Two colleges — Ghislieri and Borromeo — are under
university supervision. A school of applied engineer-
ing and a school of pharmacy are also connected with
the university. In 1910 there were 50 professors hold-
ing 102 different chairs, besides 103 tutors; the stu-
dents numbered 1507.
Memorie e documenli per la storia dell' Univer/titd di Pavia (Pavia, 1878) ; Denifle. Die Universitaten des Mitldaltert, I, 572, sqq.; Cenni storici sulla R. Universitd di Pavia (Pavia, 1873).
U. Benigni.
Pavilion, Nicolas, Bishop of Alet, b. at Paris, 1597; d. at Alet, 1677. He joined the community of St-Lazare, founded by St. Vincent de Paul, and, for a time, devoted himself to charities and preaching. His zeal and eloquence caused Richelieu to appoint him to the See of Alet. The thirty-seven years of his episcopate were filled with ceaseless labours for the re- ligious and moral improvement of his diocese; visita- tion of parishes, hokling of synods, foundation of schools, etc. An exaggerated idea of his episcopal re- sponsibilities caused him to oppose pope and king. He was one of the four bishops who refused to sign the formulary imposed by Alexander VII, on the plea that thei)i)|)i' cannot pronounce on facts but only on riglits. When Louis XIV commanded suhniissioii to the- iiajial order, Pavilion in "Lettre au roi" (1664) declined to recognize his interference. The royal attempt at ex- tending to all the provinces of France the so-called droit de regale found in Pavilion a sturdy opponent. He spurned royal threats and ecclesiasjtical censures and appealed to the pope against both the King of France and the Metropolitan of Narbonne.
His attitude against .VIcxandcr \TI won him the ad- miration of Port-Royal. .Met became tlie Mecca of the Jansenists and the bishop imbibetl the errors of Jan- senism. From the data of a contemporary pamphlet ("Factum de Messire Vincent Ragot", Paris, 1766) Toreilles shows the strange effects of Jansenist princi- ples on every branch of Pavilion's otherwise zealous administration and on his relations with the nobility, the clergy, the regulars, and the peasantry. He wrote "Rituel d'Alet" (Paris, 1666), condemned by Clem- ent IX, and "Ordonnances et status synodaux " (Paris, 1675).
Paris. Vie de M. Pavilion (Paris, 1738); Stb-Beuve, Port- Royal (Paris. 1900), index, s. v.; Marion, llisloire de VEglise, III (Paris, 1908), 369; Toreilles, Nicolas Pavilion in Revue du Clerge franrnis (Oct., 1902).
J. F. SOLLIER.
Pawn Shops. See Montes Pietatis.
Pax (OsctTLATORiCM, Tabula pacis. Lapis pacis), a tablet to be kissed. The primitive usage in the Church was for the "holy kiss" to be given promiscu- ously. Later (Const. Apostol., VIII, xxix) men of the laity saluted men with the kiss, while women kissed women. This latter manner of giving the peace among the laity seems to have been maintained till the thirteenth century, when a substitute for the actual kiss was introduced in the shape of a small wooden tablet, or plate of metal (osculatorium, deosculalorium, asser ad pacem etc.) bearing an image of the Blessed Virgin, of the titular of the church, or other saint, or more frequently of the crucifixion. The earliest notice - of these instruments is in the records of English coun- cils of the thirteenth century (Scudamore, "Notit. Eucharist.", 438). This departure from the prevail- ing usage is attributed by Cardinal Bona (Rer. Liturg., II, xvi, §7) to the Franciscans. Kissed by the celebrant and cleansed with a linen cloth, the tablet or plate was carried to others to be likewise kissed by them. Thia
