PERIODI
669
PERIODICAL
back to 1653; Notre-Dame dp Temniac, near Sarlat,
a shrine where Clement V established a priory; Notre-
Dame de Coulaures; Notre-Dame des Ronces at
Nontron, dating back to the beginning of the seven-
teenth century.
Prior to the enforcement of the Law of 1901, there were in the Diocese of Perigueux, Capuchins, Carthu- sians, Traiijiists, Sulpicians, and various orders of teaching Brothers. The Congregation of Sisters of St. iVIartlia, founded in 1643 (mother-house at Perigueux), is an important nursing and teaching order. The con- vent of Clarisses of Notre-Dame de la Garde, at Peri- gueux, was founded by two nuns whom St. Clare had personally sent from Assisi. At the beginning of the twentieth century the Diocese of Perigueux had the following religious institutions: 15 infant schools, 1 orphanage for boys, 5 orphanages for girls, 4 houses of shelter, 25 hospitals or asylums, 3 houses of visiting nurses, 1 house of retreat. In 1905 (the end of the period covered by the Concordat) the diocese had a population of 452,951 inhabitants, with 69 parishes, 467 succursal parishes, and 45 vicariates supported by the State.
Gallia ChrisHana (nova), II (1720). 1446, 14S7, 1508, 1533 and instTum., 485-500: Dtjchesne, Fastes ipiscopaux, IT; Labroue, Vtcoh de Perigueux au V siicle: poil,.': el rlifleurs (Paris. 1903); DuPVY, L'Estat del'Eglise du Periftv!'! < ,' : / • 'rt tlanisme, ed. AuDlERNE (2 vols., Perigueux, 1842-1 ^ i , !■ . . ,ui.t. Organisa- tion des deux diochses du Perigord in /i < . hist, et arch, du Perigord, I and III (Perigueux, 1S7 1 :,uA 1 .7(1 ; Villepelet, Hist, de la ville de Pirigueux et de ses iri^titurii^yin jnunicipales jusqu'au traite de Bretigny (Perigueux, 1908); Bbutails, La Question de Saint-Front (Caen, 1895); De la Nauze, Hist, de I'iglise de Sarlat (Paris, 1857) ; Tahde, Chroniques contenant Vhist. religieuae et politique de la ville et du diockse de Sarlat depuis les origines jusqu^aux premieres annSes du X VII° siicle, ed. de GERARD (Paris, 1887) ; Mayjonade, Le Saint Suaire de Cadouin (Paris, 1905); Roumejodx, Bosredon, and Villepelet, 5i6/i(;- graphie generate du Perigord (5 vols., Paris, 1898. 1902).
Georges Goyau.
Period! (Petri), the name under which the Pseudo- Clementine writings are quoted by Epiphanius, Jerome, and the "Philocalia". See Clementines.
Periodical Literature, Catholic. — The inven- tion of printing, besides exerting a great influence or literature in general and on education, gave birth to a new species of literature: pubhcations appearing at intervals either regular or irregular. These sheets, or broadsides as they were called, dealing mostly with re- ligious and political events, can be traced back to the year 1493. The oldest existing broadsides were pub- lished in Germany, the earliest Italian periodicals were the "Notizie scritte" of Florence, which were called Gazetta from the coin paid for reacUng them. These early precursors of the modern newspaper were of course very rudimentary, and without any set form or scheme. From the first, however, religious interests found an echo in them. The broadsides were later succeeded by the "relations" and the title of the Jesuit ' ' Relations ", which has become almost a house- hold word in American history, shows how early the Church authorities appreciated the possibilities of this new kind of periodical publication. In the present article the reader will find not only a history of Catho- lic periodical literature in the most prominent coun- tries of the western world, but also an account of its present status.
Our article treats of periodical literature whether appearing daily, weekly, semi-weekly, monthly, quar- terly, or annually. It includes not merely the political newspaper, of which the American daily is the most characteristic specimen, but also the weekly, of which the London "Tablet" and the New York ".America" may serve as types; the monthly, dcaliriK mostly with historical, scientific, religiou.s, and Htrrary subjects, for which the English "Month" or tlic I'rrnrh "Corres- pondant" may be cited as examples; the quarterly, of which there are two kinds, the one being more general in character, the other treating of special sciences and
interests. Of the former chiss the "Dublin Review"
may be adduced as an instance; of the latter there is a
great variety extending from such publications as the
"Revue des Questions Scientifiques" to the special re-
views on dogmatic and moral theology, canon law, the
history of religious orders, and even hagiography, like
the "Analecta BoUandiana". It will be perceived at
once that many of the last mentioned publications ap-
peal only to a very limited public and that in their
case the circulation of 500 may be evidence of great
merit and influence, though the number of their sub-
scribers is small compared with the thousands of
patrons of which our dailies and some of our magazines
can boast.
In order to enable the reader to appreciate justly the information laid before him below, we submit the fol- lowing general remarks: — (1) Prior to the middle of the eighteenth century and in fact almost up to the time of the French Revolution, all the periodicals pub- lished in a country reflected the spirit of the religion dominant in that country; in other words, in Cathohc countries they were animated by the Catholic spirit and may be regarded as a part of Catholic Uterature. (2) Even in the nineteenth century, and especially dur- ing its first half, the Press of the various countries of the western world largely represented the feelings and ideas of the majority of their inhabitants. Thus at the present time, the Spanish journals are largely written from the Catholic point of view. (3) The daily jour- nals of continental Europe still differ markedly from the typical American daily. The latter aims above all at gathering and printing the political, social, in- cluding criminal and economical, news of the day, while art, literature, and religion occupy a secondary rank and the editorials have grown gradually less im- portant. In continental Europe, editorial articles, feuilletons, and varied essays often fill much more space than telegraphic and other news. This state of things accounts for the fact that the continental Euro- pean journal requires much less capital than a great American daily. It also explains, why, in general, the non-Catholic European Press is characterized by much greater animosity to the Church and why Catholic dailies are more easily established and supported in some of the European countries. (4) The European weekly Press hardly makes any effort to publish contemporary news. The Catholic weeklies confine themselves for the most part to the discussion of topics, either purely religious or involving ecclesias- tical interests.
The following articles have been written by men specially well-informed on the Press of their several countries, deserving of every confidence.
Austria. — The Catholic Press is represented in Austria by 140 newspapers and 152 other periodicals. Of the former, 79 are in German; 22 in the Czech, or Bohemian, language; 16 in Polish; 3 in Ruthenian; 8 in Slovenian; 5 in Croatian; 7 in Italian. The 79 German newspapers are distributed as follows : Lower Austria, 22; Upper Austria, 12; Salzburg, 3; Styria, 6; Tyrol, 13; Vorarlberg, 3; Bohemia, 9; Moravia, 5; Silesia, 1; Carinthia, 4; Carniola, 1. Of the Czech newspapers, 12 are published in Bohemia, 10 in Mor.avia; the Polish are published in Silesia (4), Galicia (11), and Bukowina (1); the Ruthenian are all published in Galicia; the Slovenian, 1 in Carinthia, 4 in Carniola, 2 in Gorz, and 1 in Istria; the Croatian, 4 in Dalmatia and 1 in Istria; the Italian, 3 in the Tyrol, 2 in Gorz, and 2 in Istria. The other period- icals are distributed as follows: Lower Austria, 33; Upper Austria, 8; Salzburg, 5; Styria, 7; the Tyrol, 11; Vorarlberg, 4; Bohemia, 31; Moravia, 18; Si- lesia, 5; fialieia, 26; Bukowina, 1; Carinthia, 1; Carniola, 11; Gorz and Gradisca, 1 ; Istria, including Triest, 5; Dalmatia, 1.
The distribution of the Catholic daily papers is as
