PERIODICAL
688
PERIODICAL
only philosophical periodical of Galicia, the "Ruch
filozoticzny" (Philosophical Movement).
At Cracow, besides the "Czas", there are the "Nowa Reforma" and the "Glos narodii" (Voice of the People), an organ of the clergy and of the militant Catholic party. The Socialists publish there the "Naprz6d" (Forward), the oflicial organ of their party, and the monthly periodical "Krytyka". In recent years there has been established the "Swiat Slowianski" (Slav World), the organ of the Slav club of Cracow, containing \'aluable information relating to the various Slav countries. The Academy of Sciences of Cracow publishes a "Bulletin interna- tional", monthly; and the "Rozprawy" (Disserta- tions) of mathematics, physics, and biology. Daily papers and periodicals are published also in the other Galician cities of Tarnow, Rzeszowo, Sambor, Stan- islaw, Jaroslaw, and Przemysl.
One of the oldest Polish daily papers existing in Prussia ia the " Dziennik poznaliski (Posen Journal), established in 1859. From 1845 to 1865 there ap- peared the "Przegl^d poznaiiski", an ardent defender of Catholicism, edited by Rev. John Ko^mian; in 1860 Rev. John Prusinowski published the "Tygod- nik katoheki" (Illustrated Week). In 1865 Louis Rzepecki began the publication of the scientific pe- riodical "OSwiata" (Culture), which, however, had only a short hfe, and was followed by the "Przegl^d Wielkopolski" (Re^aew of Great Poland), edited by EmiUus Kierski. In 1870 Edmond Callier ffiundeil the "Tygodnik Wielkopolski", to which tlic best Polish writers contributed. The "Kurjer Poznaiiski ", established by Theodor Zychliiiski in 1872, also acquired great importance. In 1894 there were pub- lished in Prussia and in the Grand duchy of Posen the following daily papers: the " Dziennik poznanski", the "Goniec wielkopolski", the "Kurjer poznanski", the "Or^downik" (Advocate), and the "Wielko- polanin". The "Przeglivd poznanski" resumed its publications under the direction of Wladislaw Rabski, while other daily papers were published at Danzig, Thorn, Pelplin, and Allenstein. In 1909, under the direction of Wladislaw Hozakowski, rector of the seminars' of Posen, there was published the "Unitas", a monthly periodical for the clergy, well edited from the theological standpoint.
In 1841 the publication of the "Biblioteka War- szawska", a monthly periodical dedicated especially to literature, began in Russian Poland. Its excellence is still maintained. In 1904 there were published in Warsaw 9 dailies, 33 weeklies, 7 fortnightlies, and 5 monthly periodicals. At the present time there are published in Warsaw the "Dzien" (Day); the "Dziennik powszechny" (Universal Journal); the "Glos Warszawski" (Voice of Warsaw); "Glos poranny" (Voice of Morning); the "Kurjer polski"; "Kurjer Warszawski"; "Nowa Gazeta"; "Przegl^d poranny"; "WidomoSci Codzienne" (Daily News); "Slovo" (Word), a Nationalist paper that has great influence; and the "Warszawska Gazeta". Other dailies are published at Lublin, Kieff ("Dziennik kijowski"), at Vilna ("Kurjer litewski" and "Goniec Wilenski"), at Lodz, and at St. Petersburg. Among the periodicals, besides the "Biblioteka Warszawska", mention should be made of the "Biesiada literacka" (Literary Banquet), splendidly illustrated; the "Kul- tura", hostile to Catholicism; the "Przeglqd filozofi- czny" (Philosophical Review), a quarterly publica- tion; the "Przeglqil historyczny" (Historical Review), scientific. Iwiir- monthly; the "Swiat" (World), an illustrated weekly; and the "Tygodnik illustrowane". The Catholic press until two years ago was repre- sented by the "Przegl^d katolicki", of Warsaw, a publication of very- httle value theologically, and dedi- cated more to politics. This paper was the one most read by the clergy. Count Roger Lubienski estab- lished the "Wiara" (Faith), a weekly devoted to
ecclesiastical news; and these two publications are
now vmited into one. A scientifically imjiortant pe-
riodical, the "Kwartalnik teologiczny ", lasted only a
few years. At the present time, of the daily papers
or periodicals for the clergy, or having a strictly Cath-
olic programme, tlmsc most read are: the "Polak-
katolik"; the "Mysl katolicka", of Censtochowa:
and the "Atherieum ku|)tanskie", of the seminary of
Wloslawek, a monthly sciiMitilic ])ul)licalion.
In Russia the Lithuanians ])ul>lish at Vilna the "Litwa" (Lithuania) in defence of their nationality; while the Jews publish at Warsaw the "Izraelita", a weekly. The "Przewodnik bibliograficzny " (Biblio- graphical Guide) of Cracow, a monthly ]Hiblication, and the "Przegliid bibliograficzny" of Przemysl are bibliographical pciicxlicals which mention all Polish writings that appear, of all writings that concern Poland, and of the writings that are published in the principal Polish reviews. The number of scientific periodicals devoted to medicine, veterinary surgery, pharmaceutics, architecture, the fine arts, heraldry, archoeology, philology, etc., is about 100, which is proof of the intense scientific work of the Poles, who, notwithstanding their difficult political conditions, co-operate with much ardour in modern scientific movements. The Mariavites have a special organ, "Maryawita"; and their "Wiadomo^ci" appears twice each week. At Warsaw there is published the tri-monthly periodical "My^l niepolegta" (Inde- jjendeiit Thought"), full of vulgar calumnies and accu- sations against Cathiilicism.
In l.St)4 Polish fugitives established the "Ojczyna" (Native Land) at Leipzig, the "PrzyszloSd" (The Future) at Paris, and the "Przeglqd powszechny" at Dresden. At Chicago, U. S. A., the chief centre of Polish emigration, are published the "Dziennik chicagoski", the " Dzie6iwiety " (Holy Day), the "Gazeta katoficka", the "Gazeta polska", the "Nowe 2ycie" (New Life), the "Sztandar", "Tygod- nik naukowo-powie^eiowy", "Wiara. i ojczyna", "Zgoda", and "Ziarno", a musical publication. Other papers are published at Milwaukee. Buffalo, New York, Detroit, Philadelphia, Winona, Cleveland, Toledo, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Stevens Point, Manito- woc, Mohanoy City, and Wilkes-Barre. Brazil also has a Polish publication.
Chmielowski, Zarys najnowszfj titeralury polskiej (Cracow, 1895), 3-213; Nagla, Dziennikarstwo polskie w Ameryce i jego 30-htnie dzieje (Polish Periodical Literature in America, and its his- tory for 30 years) (Chicago, 1894). AURELIO PaLMIERI.
Portugal. — An ephemeral news-sheet appeared in 1625, and a monthly gazette relating the progress of the War of Independence commenced in 1641, but Portuguese periodical hterature reallj' begins with the "Gazeta de Lisboa", founded by Jos6 Freire de Mon- terroyo Mascarenhas, which lasted from 1715 until 1760. Until the end of the eighteenth century any dif- ferences of opinion in matters of faith which might ex- ist were not discussed in print, but, notwithstanding the censorship, French ideas began to filter into Por- tugal, and early in the nineteenth century the press began to be divided between Liberal and Absolutist; the former advocating radical changes in State and Church, the latter defending Absolutism in politics, and Catholic orthodoxy. In 1798 appeared the " Mer- curio" to combat the French Revolution, and this was follower! by other anti-French journals, among them the "Observador Portuguez". On the Liberal side came the " Investigador Portuguez" in 1811 and the "Portuguez" in 1814, both published in London, from which city the Liberal exiles directed their assaults on the old regime. These attacks were met by the "Ex- pectador Portuguez". The Revolution of 1820 gave a great stimulus to journalism, and the "Diario do Go- verno" began to be issued in that year. At first the Liberal papers were rather anti-Absolutist than anti- CathoUc, but the Civil War led to the formation of
