PERUGINO
737
PERUGINO
relieved of that rule; .laiDpSoinionetti (153.5), a cardi-
nal; Fulvio Corneo (1550), reformer of the diocese and
founder of the seminary; Ippolito Corneo (1553), who
estabhshed a house of reform, and a monastery for
poor young men; Giulio Oradini (1562), who founded
a college for clerks; Napoleone Comitoli (1591), the
founder of other charitable institutions; M. Ant.
Ausidei (1726), who embellished the cathedral; Ales-
sandro M. Odoardi (1776), a zealous prelate, who
discovered the body of St. Costanzo; Camillo Cani-
panelli (1804), who took the oath of allegiance to
Napoleon; Carlo Filesio Cittadini (1818), who dis-
tinguished himself by his firmness and prudence
against the Provisional Government of 1831, and
by his generosity saved the city from pillage at
that time; Gioacchino Pecci (1846), who became Leo
XIII, and who made Perugia
an archdiocese without suffra-
gans.
The archdiocese has 199 parishes, with 100,900 inhabi- tants, 9 religious houses of men, 21 of women, and 1 Catholic weekly publication.
Cappelletti, Le Chiese d^ Italia, V; Vermiglioli. Bihliografia storico- perugina (Perugia, 1S23); Bari.oti, Storia di Perugia (Perugia, 1.S4-3): FABRETTl.Cronoc/jeiii PtTwf/ia (Turin. 1892); BONAZZI, Storia di Perugia (1875); Bulhtlino della Sac. di Storia Patria per V Umbria (Perugia, 188G).
U. Benigni.
University of Perugia. — One of the "free" universities of Italy, was erected into a sludium generate on 8 Sept., 1308, by the Bull "Super specula" of Clement V. \ school of arts existed about 1200, in which medicine and law were soon taught. Before 1300 there were several univer- sitates scholiarum. Jacobus de Belviso, a famous civil jurist, taught here from 1316 to 1321. By Bull of 1 Aug., 1318, John XXII granted the privilege of conferring degrees in civil and canon law, and on 18 Feb., 1321, in medicine and arts.
On 19 May, 1355, the Emperor Charles IV issued a Bull confirming the papal erection and raising it to the rank of an imperial university. This imusuai mark of favour was given to assist Perugia after the terrible plague years 1348-49. In 1362 the Collegium Gregorianum (later called the Sapkiiza pecchiu) was founded by Cardinal Nicolo Capocci for the main- tenance of forty youths. Gregory XI by Brief of 11 Oct., 1371 gave the privileges of a studium generale to this new faculty of theology. This faculty was suppressed and its property merged in the imivcr- sit}' in 1811. To this foundation the Sa/neiiza nuova was transferred in 1829. The latter was founded by Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop of Recanti in 1426, with Martin V's approval, as the Collegio di S. Girolamo. It was a free hostel for impe- cunious strangers who wished to study law and medicine. Sujiiiressed by the French in 1798, it was reopened in 1,S()7 by Pius VII as the Collegio Pio. In the Constitution of 27 Aug., 1824, Leo XII made this the chief college of the university. Since the time of Napoleon I the university has occupied the old Olivetan convent of Monte Morcino. There was a faculty of mathematics down to 1884. The statutes are modelled upon those of Bologna. The number of Btudentsatdiffcrent dates were: 1339,142; 1881,79; 1911, 350. Among its eminent teachers were: the canonist Johannes Andreas ; Cino da Pistoia (1270- 1336), poet and jurist; his pupil Bartolus (1314-27), XI.— 47
famous civil jurist; his pupil Baldus ; Albericus
Gentilis, founder of the science of international law;
and Francesco della Rovere (Si.xtus IV). Among its
students were: Nicholas IV, Gregory XI, Innocent
VII, Martin V, Pius III, Julius II, Julius III, Urban
VII, Gregory XIV, Clement VIII, and Paul V.
Stalistics (1911):— Expenditure, 295,470 hre; re- ceipts, 285,748 lire; examination fees, 5948 lire; fac- ulty of jurisprudence, 11 professors; faculty of medi- cine, 13; school of pharmacy 5; school of veterinary medicine, 3. A large number of institutions are con- nected with the university, e. g., an obstetric training college, laboratories for general chemistry and for pharmacy, etc., also the meteorological observatory (founded 1800). The library has over 54.000 vol- umes. The museum contains vases, bronzes, and sculptures, and many valuable Etruscan and Roman antiq- uities.
I;i.i '/. r ■ 'irirhr .Iflla Penigina ' .-/, il'rruKia, 1816); r ■. I'l . 1 I I I I > ■':,h ilnil.' alia storia ,i' ' : •' .:'■!, l:,u,,vii:iisi-coliHelS I' 'l"!-ii 1, IS?:!): Rossi, Doc. per ;o .'•■rni ,1,11' universiid di Perugia in
- . '!• ilierudizioneartistica, IV-VI
<!'. iiima. 1875-77), 2nd series. II ll'eruHia, 1883); Rashdall, The I 'n irersities of Europe in the Middle Aijes, II, I (Oxford, 18951. 40-43.
C. F. Wemyss BROwisr.
Perugino (Pietro Van- xrcci), Italian painter, founder (if the Umbrian school, b. at Cittri della Picve in 1446; d. at Fontignano near Perugia in February, 1524. He was called Perugino, although he often signed his name Petrus de Castro Plebis. He studied art at Perugia, where he found au earlier school, that of Nicolo -\lunno and Boecati da Came- rino, already remarkable for the pure expression of the senti- ment and animation of the in- iT HiMSELP terior life. Perugino adopted
this tradition, adding to it the decorative taste of his master, Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, and influenced by the powerful style of Piero della Francesca. In 1472 he went to Florence, where he was the comrade of Leonardo in Verrocchio's studio, the most active centre and laboratory of the methods of the Renaissance. Here Perugino acquired knowledge whereby he ex- pressed his ideas in an imperishable manner. He .learned construction, became a m;ister of jierspective, and in style followed a fixed formula, which was much admired. Unfortunatelyhisearly works are lost. His frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico in Perugia (1475) and those in Cerqueto have been destroyed or ruined. His earliest extant picture is the " Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter" (1482), in the Sistine Chapel at Rome, where three other frescoes were later destroyed to make room for the "Last Judgment" of Michelan- gelo. Perugino then held a foremost place in the Italian school, and to-day his one remaining fresco shines as a masterpiece among the more brilliant in- ventions of the Florentine school. It engendered nu- merous works of art, ;ind Riipli:iel, Perugino's great pupil, was mindful of it in the "Sposalizio", the most exquisite work of his youth.
Within the next fifteen years (1484-99) Perugino attained his greatest success. His work was most in demand for religious |)ictures, and he went from citv to city painting altar-jiieces or ecclesiastical frescoes. In 1491-2, having gone to Koine to p;iint the decora- tion (no longer ext;mt i .if the pidarc ( ,( I h<' Car(iin:d de' Medicis, he executeil t he delighl I'ul ]iicl lu'c in I lie Villa Albani, the "Adoration of the Holy Child" (1491).
