PIEL
79
PIERRE
with 8 suffragans. Both the Liberal movement and
the intrigues of the revolutionary party in Piedmont
were in every way inimical to the Church. In March,
1848, the expulsion of the Jesuits was begun in the
harshest manner. In October a law regarding instruc-
tion was issued that was adverse to the Church. In
the next year began the hostilities directed against
Archbishop Luigi Franconi of Turin and other bish-
ops. The Archbishops of Turin and Sassari were
even imprisoned. In 1S50 the ecclesiastical immuni-
ties were suppressed and ecclesiastical jurisdiction was
limited. In 18.51 the Government regulated theo-
logical instruction without the concurrence of the
Church; in 18.52 civil marriage was introduced; in
18.53 the office of the Apostoho royal steward was com-
pletely secularized; in 1854 laws were issued directed
against the monasteries; in 1855 the ecclesiastical
academy of Superga was suppressed ; in 1856 and the
following years oppressive measures were issued
against parish priests and parish administration, such
as confiscation of the greater part of the lands of the
Church. Using the party crj' of a "free Church in a
free state", Cavour and his confederates robbed the
Church in many directions of its essential rights and
freedom, as well as of its rightful possessions. The
same spirit of hostility to the Church was shown
towards the papacy; the nunciature at Turin was
suppressed. Thus the union of Italy was carried on,
even by Piedmont, that had allied itself to revolution-
ary elements hostile to the Church, in a manner
inimical throughout to the Church and religion. This
hostility continued to control the official measures as
well as the entire course of the Italian Government.
Monumenta histori/B patritr, I sqq. (Turin, 1836) ; C-4RUTTI, Regesla comitum Sabaudim, marduonum in Italia, usque ad an. /^5J (Turin, 1889) ; CiBRAmo, OpereUe e frammenti slorici (Flor- ence, 1856); Ideu. Origini e progresso delle istituzioni delta mo- narchia di Saroia (2nd ed., 2 vols., Florence, 1869); C-*.Rirm. Storia del regno di Viltorio Amadeo II (Turin. 1856); Ricotti, Storia delta monorchia Piemontese (6 vols., Florence. 1861-69); Gabotto, Storia del Piemonte 1292-13J,9 (Rome, 1891); Gai^ LEN'GA, History of Piedmont (3 vols., London, 1854-55); Brof- FERio, Storia del Piemonte dal 1814 ai giorni nostri (5 vols., Turin, 1849-52); Vallauri, Storia delle Unitersita degli studi in Pie- monte (Turin, 1845): Savio. GH antichi vescovi d' Italia: I. II Piemonte (Turin. 1898) ; Metb.\nesius, Pedemontium sacrum, I 3q. (Turin, 1834 — ) ; Hergenrotheb, Piemonts Unterhand- lungen mit dem hi. StuhU- im 18. Jahrh. in Katholische Studien, III (Wurzburg, 1876) ; CoLOMi.ATn, Msgre. Luigi dei marchesi Fran- coni, arci^escove di Torino 1832-1862 (Turin, 1902); Bianchi, II con/e CamiWo Carour (3rd ed., Turin. 1863); Kraus, Carour. Die Erhebung Italiens im 19. Jahrh. in Weltgeschichte in Charakterbil- dem (Mainz, 1902); M.anno, Bihliografia storica degli stati deUa monarchia di Savoia (8 vols., Turin, 1884-1908).
J. P. KlHSCH.
Piel, Peter, a pioneer in the movement for reform of church music, b. at Kessewick, near Bonn, 12 .A.ug., 1835; d. at Boppard, on the Rhine, 21 Aug., 1904. Educated in the seminary for teachers at Kempen, he was instructed in music by Albert Michael Jop- ken (1828-78), and became professor of music at the Seminary- of Boppard in 1868, a position which he held until his death. During all the j-ears of his in- cumbency Piel displayed extraordinarj' activity as composer, teacher, and critic. He WTote a number of masses, both for equal and mixed voices, numerous motets, antiphons in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary for four and eight voices, Magnificats in the eight Gregorian modes, and a Te Deum, all of which have enjoyed great vogue. Piel's compositions reveal the resourceful contrapuntist, and are of classic purity of style. His trios, preludes, and postludes for the organ are models of finish and smoothness. It is as a teacher, however, and through the large numljer of distinguished musicians whom he formed that Piel exerted the greatest influence. His "Harmonie- lehre" has passed through a number of editions and is a standard book of instruction in Uturgical music. In 1887 he received from the German Government the title of Roj-al Director of Music.
Hoeveleh. Peter Piel (Diisseldorf, 1907); Cadlienverein's Catalog (Ratisbon, 1S70). JoSEPH OttEX
Pienza. See Csivsj-Pie\z.\, Diocese of.
Pie Pelicane, Jesu, Domine, the sixth quatrain of Adoro Te Devote (ci. v.), sometimes used as a separate hymn at Benediction of the Most Blessed Sacrament.
Pierius, priest and probably head master of the catechetical school at Alexandria conjointly with Achillas, flourished wliile Theonas was bishop of that city; d. at Rome after 309. His skill as an exegetical writer and as a preacher gained for him the appel- lation, "Origen the Younger". Philip of Side, Pho- tius, and others assert that he was a martjT. How- ever, since St. Jerome assures us that he survived the Diocletian persecution and spent the rest of his life at Rome, the term "martyr" can only mean that he underwent sufferings, not death, for his Faith. The Roman Martyrologj' commemorates him on 4 Novem- ber. He wrote a work (/SiySXio^) comprising twelve treatises or sermons (X6701), in some of which he repeats the dogmatic errors attributed by some authors to Origen (q. v.), such as the subordination of the Holy Ghost to the Father and the Son, and the pre-existence of human souls. His known sermons are : one on the Gospel of St. Luke (e's t4 /cari AoukS;') ; an Easter sermon on Osee (els ri Trdcrxa Kai rbv 'Qinti) ; a sermon on the Mother of God (T«pJ rfji dioroKov); a few other Easter sermons; and a eulogy on St. Pamphilus, who had been one of his disciples {dz Tox piov ToO aylov na/i0iXoi/). Only some fragments of his writings are extant. They were edited by Routh in "Reliquia; SacrEe", III, 423-35, in P. G., X, 241-6, and, with newlj' discovered fragments, by Boor in "Te.xte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur", V, ii ( (Leipzig, 1S88), 165-184. For an Enghsh translation see Salmond in "Ante-Xicene Fathers" (Xew York, 1896), 157.
R.ADFORn, Three Teachers 0/ .Uexandria (Cambridge, 1908); Bardexhewer. Gesch. der altchrist. Lit., II (Freiburg, 1903), 198-203; Idem, Patrologie, tr. Shah.an (Freiburg, 1908), 158; Harnack, Gc.ich. der altchrist. Lit., I (Leipzig. 1893), 439—14; Acta SS., II Nov., 254-64.
Michael Ott.
Pierleone, Pietro. See Anacletos II, Pope.
Pierre d'Ailly. .See Ailly.
Pierre de Castelnau, Ble.ssed, b. in the Diocese of Montpellier, Languedoc, now Department of He- rault, France; d., 15 Jan., 1208. He embraced the ec- clesiastical state, and was appointed Archdeacon of Maguelonne (now MontpelUer). Pope Innocent III sent him (1199) with two Cistercians as his legate into the middle of France, for the conversion of the Al- bigenses. Some time later, about 1202, he received the Cistercian habit at Fontfroide, near Xarbonne. He was again confirmed as Apostolic legate and first inquis- itor. He gave himself untiringly to his work, strength- ening those not j'et infected with error, reclaiming with tenderness those who bad fallen but manifested good will, and pronouncing ecclesiastical censures against the obdurate. Whilst endeavouring to recon- cile Raymond, Count of Toulouse, he was, by order of the latter, transpierced with a lance, crying as he fell, " May God forgive you as I do." His feast is cele- brated in the Cistercian order, by one part on 5 iSIarch, and by the other on 14 March. He is also honoured as a martyr in the Dioceses of Carcassonne and Treves. His relics are interred in the church of the ancient Abbey of St-Gilles.
Brevianum cisterciense (5 March); Ch.\lemot, Series sanctorum et Beatorum s. o. c. (Paris, 1670); Annus cisterciensis (Wettingen, 16S2); Henriqctez, Menologium cisterciense (.\ntwerp, 1630); Cattv-et, Etude hislorique sur Fontfroide (Montpellier, 1875); Cabetto, Sanlorale cisterciense, II (Turin, 1708).
Edmond M. Obrecht.
Pierre de Maricourt, surnamed Peter the Pilgrim (Petrus Peregrinus), physician of the Middle Ages. Under the name of "Magister Petrus de Maharne-curia, Picardus", he is quoted by Roger
