PIETRO
82
PIGNATELLI
of orthodox Christianity. Though the founders of
Pietism had no idea of forsaking the basis of Lutheran
dogma, the Pietistic movement, with its treatment of
dogma as a secondarj* matter and its indifference to
variations in doctrine, prepared the ground for the
theological rationahsm of the period of enlighten-
ment. Johann Salomo Semler, the father of ration-
ahsm, came from the Halle school of Pietism, and liis
appointment as professor of theology at the Univer-
sitj- of Halle in 1752 opened the way to the ascendancy
of rationalism, against which the devout Pietists
were as powerless as the representatives of Protestant
orthodoxj'. Pietism revived in Protestant Germany
and Protestant Switzerland, early in the nineteenth
century, as a reaction against the rationaUstic en-
hghtenment and a response to more deeply felt reli-
gious needs. / far-reaching activity along these lines
was exerted in many parts of Germany and Switzer-
land bj- Freifrau von Krildener by means of her ser-
mons on penance. Tract societies and associations
for pro])agating home missions did much to promote
the spirit of Pietism. On the other hand, along with
good results, this movement again degenerated into
mystical fanaticism and sectarianism (e. g., the
"sanctimonious hj'poerites" at Konigsberg. about
1835; the adherents of Schonherr, Ebel, and Diestel).
There are also connecting links between the subjectiv-
ism of the Pietists and the theological liberaUsm of
Albrecht Ritschl and his school, whose insistence on
interior religious experience in the form of feeling is
a basic idea of Pietism, although the Ritschhan school
is opposed by devout Pietists as well as by Orthodox
Lutherans.
ScHMiD. Die Gesch. des Pietismiis (Nordlingen, 1S63) ; Tholcck, Gesch. des RationalismtiS. I. Gesch, de^ Pietismus u. des ersten Stadiums der Aufkldrung (Berlin, 1865): Ritschl, Gesch. des Pietismus (Bonn, lSSO-86); S.\chs5e, Ursprung u. Wescn des Pietismus (Wiesbaden, 18S4) ; Hubener, Ueber den Pietismus in Verharuilungen der 25, Jahresversammlung der Synode der ev.-luth. FreiHrche in Sachsen (Zwickau. 1901), 17-156; Hadorx, Gesch. des Pietismus in den schweizerischen reformierten Kirchen (Con- stance, 1901) ; Renner, Lehensbilder aus der Pielistenzeit (Bremen. 1SS6); HosSBACH. Ph. J. Spener u. seine Zeit (Berlin. 1S2S: 2nd ed., 1853); GrUxberg. Ph. J. Spener (Gottingen, 1893-1906); NiEMETER. .4. H. Francke (Halle. 1794); Guericke. A H Francke (Halle, 1S27); Kramer. A. H. Francke (Halle, 1880-2)- Hahtman.v. .4. H. Francke (Calw and Stuttgart, 1S97) ; Otto, A. H. Francke (Halle, 1902); Kayser. Christian Thomasius u. der Pielismus, supplement to Jahresbericht des Wilhelm Gymna- siums in Hamburg (Hamburg, 1900).
Friedrich Latjchert.
Pietro di Murrone. See Celestine V, Saint, Pope.
Pighius (Pigghe), Albert, theologian, mathema- tician, and astronomer, b. at Kampen, Overyssel, Holland, about 1490; d. at Utrecht, 26 Dec, 1542. He studied philosophy and began the study of the- ologj^ at Louvain, where Adrian of Utrecht, later Pope Adrian VI, was one of his teachers. Pighius com- pleted his studies at Cologne and received in 1517 the degree of Doctor of Theology. He then followed his teacher Adrian to Spain, and. when the latter became pope, to Rome, where he also remained during the reigns of Clement VII and Paul IH, and was repeat- edly employed in ecclesiastico-political embassies. He had taught mathematics to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, afterwards Paul III; in 1535 Paul III ap- pointed him provost of St. John's at Utrecht, where he had held a canonry since 1524. At the religious disputation of Ratisbon in 1541 he was on the Catho- lic side.
Among his writings the following belong to the sphere of his mathematico-astronomical studies: "As- trologise defensio adversus prognosticatorum vulgus, qui annuas prsdictiones edunt et se astrologos men- tiuntur" (Paris, 1518); also the treatise addressed to Leo X upon the reform of the calendar, " De a-quinoc- tiarum solstitiorumque inventione et de ratione pas- chalis celebrationis deque restitutione ecclesiastic! Calendarii (Paris, 1520); also "Apologia adversus no-
vam Marci Beneventani astronomiam" (Paris, 1522);
and " Defensio Apologise adversus Marci Beneven-
tani astronomiam" (Paris, 1.522). As a theologian he
zealously defended the authority of the Church
against the Reformers. His most important theologi-
cal work is a rejoinder to Henrj- VIII of England and
is entitled: "Hierarchic ecclesiasticae assertio" (Co-
logne, 1538, dedicated to Paul III ; later editions, 1544,
1558, 1572). In reply John Leland wrote his "Anti-
philarchia"; cf. "Diet. Nat. Biog." (new ed., London,
1909), XI, 893, Pigliius also wrote: "Apologia indicti
a Paulo III, Coneilii, adversus Lutheranas confoe-
derationes" (Cologne, 1537; Paris. 1538); "Dehbero
hominis arbitrio et di^-ina gratia hbri X" (Cologne,
1542), against Luther and Calvin; "Controversiarum
pra?cipuarum in Comitiis Ratisponensibus tracta^
tarum . . . exphcatio (Cologne, 1.542). To this were
added the two treatises: "Quaestio de divortiatorum
novis coniugiis et uxorum pluralitate sub lege evange-
lica" and "Diatriba de actis VI. et VII. Synodi".
Other theological works were: "Ratio componendo-
rum dissidiorum et sarciendae in religione concordise"
(Cologne, 1542), and his last work, "Apologia adver-
sus Martini Buceri calumnias" (Mainz, 1543). A
treatise "Adversus Grsecorum errores", dedicated to
Clement VII, is preserved in manuscript in the Vati-
can Librarj'.
Pighius was in his con\'ictions a faithful adherent of the Church and a man of the best intentions, but on some points he advanced teachings which are not in harmony with the Cathohc position. One was his opinion that original sin was nothing more than the sin of Adam imputed to every child at birth, without any inherent taint of sinfulness being in the child itself. In the doctrine of justification also he made too many concessions to Protestants. He originated the doctrine of the double righteousness by which man is justified, that has justly been characterized as "semi- Lutheranism". According to this theory, the imputed righteousness of Christ is the formal cause of the jus- tification of man before God, while the individual righteousness inherent in man is alwaj-s imperfect and therefore insufficient. These opinions of Pighius were adopted by Johannes Gropper and Cardinal Con- tariui ; during the discussion at the Council of Trent of the "Decretum de Justificatione" they were main- tained by Seripando, but the Council, with due regard for the ideas that were justifiable in themselves, re- jected the untenable compromise theory itself.
Linsenmann. Atbertus Pighius und sein theologischer Stand- punkt in Theol. Quarlalschrifl, XLVIII (1866), 571-644; Pastor, Die kirchlichen Reunionsbestrebungen wdhrend der Regierung KarfcI'.(FreiburgimBr., 1S79). 167 sq.; DiTTRicH, Gasparo Con- tarini (Braunsberg, 1S85), 660-69; Hefele-Hergenrother, Con- ailiengesch.. IX (Freiburg im Br.. 1890), 936-38; Hefner. Die Entstehungsgesch . des Trienier Rechlfertigungsdecreies (Paderborn, 1909), 165 sq. His correspondence was published by Friedens- BCRG, Beiirdge zum Briefwechsel der kathol. Gelehrten Deuischlands im Reformationszeitalter in Zeitschrift fUr Kirchengesch., XXIII (1902), 110-55.
Friedrich Lauchert.
Pignatelli, Venerable Giuseppe Maria, b. 27 December, 1737, in Saragossa, Spain; d. 11 Novem- ber. 1811. His family was of NeapoUtan descent and noble lineage. After finishing his early studies in the Jesuit College of Saragossa, he entered the Society of Jesus (8 May, 1753) notwithstanding his family's opposition. On concluding his ecclesiastical studies he was ordained, and taught at Saragossa. In 1766 the Governor of Saragossa was held responsible for the threatened famine, and so enraged was the popu- lace against him that they were about to destroy his palace by fire. Pignatelli's persuasive power over the people averted the calamity. Despite the letter of thanks sent by Charles III the Jesuits were accused of instigating the above-mentioned riot. Pignatelli's refutation of the calumny was followed by the decree of ex-pulsion of the Fathers of Saragossa (4 April, 1767). Minister Aranda offered to reinstate Nicola
