PHILIP
PHILIPPI
ably, bj' one of the crew (cf. Japan, Christianity in
Japan, Catholicism). This enraged the Japanese
Emperor Hideyoshi, generally called Taicosama by
Europeans. He commanded, 8 December, 1596, the
arrest of the Franciscans in the monastery at Miako,
now Kyoto, whither St. Philip had gone. The reli-
gious were kept prisoners in the monastery until 30
December, when they were transferred to the city
prison. There were six Franciscans, seventeen 'Jap-
anese tertiaries, and the Japanese Jesuit, Paul Miki,
with his two native servants. The ears of the prison-
ers were cropped on 3 January, 1.597, and they were
paraded through the streets of Kyoto; on 21 January
they were taken to Osaka, and thence to Nagasaki,
which they reached on 5 February. They were taken
to a mountain near the city, "Mount of the Mar-
tyrs", bound upon crosses, after which they were
pierced with spears. St. Philip was beatified in 1627
by Urban YIII, and, with his companions, canonized
8 June, 1S62, by Pius IX. He is the patron saint of
the city of Mexico.
RlB.\DENEGRA, Historia de las Islas del Archipielago y Reijnos de la Gran China. Tartaria . . . !( Japon, V. VI (Barcelona, 1601); these are sometimes wrongly cited as Adas del martirio de .San Pedro Bautista y sxis compaHeros (Barcelona, 1601): Archivum franc, hist., I (Quaracchi, 1908), 536 sqq.; Fr.^ncisco de S. Antonio. Chro/i. de la apostol. prov. de S. Gregorio ... in Las Islas Philipinas, III (Manila, 1743), 31 sqq.; Acla SS.. Feb., I, 723 sqq.; Geronimo de Jesus. Hist, delta Christandad del Japan (1601); DA CiVEZZA, Saggiodi Bibliog. Sanfrancesc. (Prate, 1879), 250, 590 sqq., 523; Idem, Storia univ. delle missioni franc.. VII. ii (Prato. 1891), 883 sqq.; da Orima, Storia dei venlitre Marliri Giapponesi delV Ord. Min. Osserv. (Rome, 1862) ; Melchiorri, Annal. Ord. Min. (Ancona, 1S69), 101 sqq., 218 sqq., 260 sqq. MiCHAEl. BiHL
Philip of the Blessed Trinity (Esprit Julienj, Discalced Carmelite, theologian. b. at Malaucene, near Avignon, 1603; d. at Naples, 28 February, 1671. He took the habit at Lyons where he made his profession, 8 September, 1621. Choosing the missionarj' life, he studied two }-ears at the seminary in Rome and pro- ceeded in February, 1629, to the Holy Land and Per- sia, and thence to Goa where he became prior, and teacher of philosophy and theology. After the martyr- dom of Dionj-sius a Nativitate, his pupil, and Re- demptus a Cruce, 29 Nov., 1638, Philip collected all available evidence and set out for Rome to introduce the cause of their beatification which, however, only terminated in 1900. He did not return to the mission, but was entrusted with important offices in France, in 1665, was elected general of the order with residence in Rome, and three years later, re-elected. While visiting all the provinces of his order, he was caught in a terrific gale off the coast of Calabria, and reached Naples in a dying condition. Besides the classical lan- guages he spoke fluently French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Persian, and Arabic. Of his numerous works the following have lasting value: "Summa phil- osophiae", 4 vols., Lyons, 1648, in which he follows not only the spirit but also the method of St. Thomas Aquinas; "Summa theologiae thomisticae", 5 vols., Lyons, 1653; "Summa theologiEe mystiea;", Lyons, 1656, reprinted in 3 vols., Paris, 1884; "Itinerarium orientale", Lyons, 1649, also in Italian and French; "Decor Carmeli religiosi", the lives of the saints and saintly members of his Order, Lyons, 1665; "Theolo- gia carmelitana", Rome, 1605. The two last named and some smaller works dealing to some extent with historical matters of a controversial nature, called forth a reply from Pierre-Joseph de Haitze, under the titles, "Des Moines emprunt^z", and "Des Moines travestis".
Henricus a SS. Sacramento, CoUectio Scriptorum Ord. Carmel, Eicalc, II (Savona, 1884), 110.
B. Zimmerman.
Philippe le Bel. See Philip IV, King of France.
Philippi (Gr. 4>l\nrTrot, Lat. Philippi) was a Mace- donian town, on the borders of Thracia. Situated on the summit of a hill, it dominated a large and fertile
plain, intersected by the Egnatian Way. It was
north-west of Mount Pangea, near the River Gangites,
and the .'Egean Sea. In 358 B. c. it was taken,
enlarged, and fortified by the King of Macedonia,
Phihp II, hence its name Phihppi. Octavius Augustus
(42 B. c.) conferred on it the jus Ilalicum (Acts, .\iv,
12), which made the town a miniature Rome, and
granted it the institutions and privileges of the citi-
zens of Rome. That is why we find at Phihppi, along
with a remnant of the Macedonians, Roman colonists
together with some Jews, the latter, however, so few
that they had no synagogue, but only a place of
praj'er (irpotrevx^). Philippi was the first European
town in which St. Paul preached the Faith. He ar-
rived there with Silas, Timothy, and Luke about the
end of 52 a. d., on the occasion of his second Apostohc
voyage. The Acts mention in particular a woman
called Lydia of Thyatira, a seller of purple, in whose
house St. Paul probably dwelt during his stay at
Philippi. His labours were rewarded by many con-
versions (Acts, xvi), the most important taking place
among women of rank, who seem to have retained
their influence for a long time. The Epistle to the
Philippians deals in a special manner with a dispute
that arose between two of them, Evodia and Syntyche
(iv, 2)'. In a disturbance of the populace, Paul and
Silas were beaten with rods and cast into prison, from
which being miraculously deUvered, they set out for
Thessalonica. Luke, however, continued to work for
five years.
The Philippians remained very attached and grate- ful to their Apostle and on several occasions sent him pecuniary aid (twice to Thessalonica, Phil., iv, 14-16; once to Corinth, II Cor., xi, 8-9; and once to Rome, Phil., iv, 10-18. See Philippians, Epistle to the). Paul returned there later; he visited them on his second journej', about ^8, after leaving Ephesus (Acts, XX, 1-2). It is believed that he wrote his Second Epistle to the Corinthians at Philippi, whither he returned on his way back to Jerusalem, passing Easter week there (Acts, xx, 5-6). He alwaj's kept in close communication with the inhabitants. Having been arrested at Caesarea and brought to Rome, he wrote to them the Epistle we have in the New Testament, in which he dwells at great length on his predilection for them (i, 3, 7; iv, 1; etc.). Paul probably wrote them more letters than we possess; Polycarp, in his epistle to the Philippians (II, 1 sq.), seems to allude to several letters (though the Greek word, irrKTroXal^ is used also in speaking of a single letter), and Paul himself (Phil., iii, 1) seems to refer to previous writ- ings. He hoped (i, 26; ii, 24) to re\isit Philippi after his captivity, and he may have written there his Pirst Epistle to Timothy (Tim., i, 3). Little is known of the subsequent history of the town. Later it was destroyed by the Turks; to-day nothing remains but some ruins.
For bibliography see Philippians, Epistle to the.
A. Vander Heeren.
Philippi, a titular metropolitan see in Macedonia. As early as the sixth century B. c. we learn of a region called batos, overrun by the inhabitants of Thasos, in which there was an outlying post called Crenides (the little springs), and a seaport, Neapolis or Cavala. About 460 B. c. Crenides and the country lying inland fell into the hands of the Thracians, who doubtless were its original inhabitants. In 360 the Thasians, aided by Callistratus the Athenian and other exiles, re-established the town of Datos, just when the dis- covery of auriferous deposits was exciting the neigh- bouring peoples. Philip of Macedonia took possession of it, and gave it his name, Phihppi in the plural, as there were different sections of the town scattered at the foot of Mount Pangieus. He erected there a for- tress barring the road between the Pangius and the Haemus. The gold mines, called Asyla, which were
