PRAGUE
339
PRAGUE
pope now dissolved his connexion with Prague and
Adalbert died (997) a martyr in Prussia. Severus,
sixth Bishop of Prague, was one of the retinue of Dulie
Bfetislaw Achilles, who brought (1039) the relics of
St. Adalbert from Gnesen to Prague. The ambitious
Bfetislaw wished to be independent of Germany. It
was his intention to make use of the Benedictine
monastery of Sazawa, founded in 1037, with a Greek-
Slavonic liturgy, as a national church; he appointed
St. Procopius the first abbot of this monasterj-. .\
part of his plan was that Bishop Severus, as the lawful
successor of St. Methodius, .should receive the pallium.
As, however, the Polish Church complained of the
robbery of the relics of St. Adalbert, the duke and
bishop became involved in an investigation and they
were condemned to found a monasterj' as penance.
Bfetislaw established the collegiate chapter of Alt-
bunzlau in 1096 and two years later founded Raigern,
the first monastery in Mora^-ia. Raigern was united
with Bfewnow. The next duke. Spitihnew, founded
(1058) the collegiate church of St. Stephen at Leit-
meritz. The Slavonic monks, who were replaced by
Latin monks, were transferred to the monasteries of
^'esprim, ^'ysehrad, Csanad, and Arad. Nicholas II
granted the duke the honour of "the mitre" (a cloak)
for an annual paj-ment of one hundred marks; this
honour was regarded as a sign of royal dignity.
Spitihnew's brothers, Wratislaw II, who succeeded
him, and Jaromir (Gebhard), who was appointed
Bishop of Prague, were men very different in charac-
ter. In 1063 the duke gave his consent to the estab-
lishment of the Diocese of Olmiitz. The Bishop of
Prague received compensation for what he lost in
tithes and fiefs, and a monk named John, belonging to
the monastery of Bfewnow, was appointed first
Bishop of Olmiitz. The new bishop had much to
suffer from Jaromir, who attacked and ill-treated him
in his episcopal residence. Alexander II sent to
Prague the legate Rudolphus, who held there a sj'nodal
diet at which, however, Jaromir did not appear. Jaro-
mir was declared to be deposed; Gregorj- VII sum-
moned the contending bishops to Rome. At the
Easter .sj'nod of 107-1, Jaromir expressed his regret for
his ill-usage of John but was unwilling to jneld the
fief of Podvin. The pope now wrote to Wratislaw
that if necessarj' he should drive Jaromir away by
force.
In the struggle over Investitures Wratislaw II and Jaromir supported Hem^' IV. After the death of Bishop John, Jaromir secured the union of Olmiitz with Prague (108.5-91), as his brother had received the title of king from Henrj- IV and consequently was entirely on the king's side. Wratislaw soon deserted the emperor and gave Olmiitz to his court chaplain \\'ecel (Andreas I), who was made bishop. Jaromir died at Gran, where he was preparing to fight his rival. After Weed's death Henrj- IV invested the canon Andreas at Mantua with the ring and crozier, but he was not consecrated until two years later. At Easter (113S) Bishop Henry of Olmiitz, called Zdik after his native town, entered the Premonstratensian Order in the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. On his return, he persuaded the BLshop of Prague, John I, to bring Premonstratensians from Steinhof near Cologne and establish them at Strahow. Bitter con- tention arose between Zdik and his clergy when the princes of Moravia rebelled against Wladislaw II, Duke of Bohemia. Zdik adhered to the duke, and was, therefore, obliged to flee to Prague; after giving warnings in vain he placed the rebels and the land under loann and interdict, which were later removed by the legate Guido. He deposed ecclesiastics who had concubines. Ordinations were only permitted on definite conditions. Wladislaw supported the legate so vigorously that it was said of him that he had enforced clerical chastity throughout Bohemia. WTadislaw also granted Pod\'in in perpetuity to the
bishop and bestowed on him the right to have a mint.
Lucius II invited Zdik to Rome. On the way he was
attacked and robbed near Boscowicz, and escaped to
Leitomischl. In 1143, Bishop Otto settled Cister-
cians from Waldsassen at Sedlek. When the Second
Crusade was preached Bishop Henry of Olmiitz was
the subdelegate of St. Bernard for Bohemia and
Moravia. Henry himself went to Pomerania, but
soon returned unsuccessful. In 11.56. the Order of
St. John of Jerusalem was introduced in the hospice
of St. Mary near the Prague bridge. Frederick I
Barbarossa in 1158 made Wladislaw a king in return
for his aid against Lombardy. The right to crown the
king was assigned to the Bishops of Prague and Ol-
miitz. The Bohemian king and Bishop Daniel I
supported Frederick in his bitter struggle with Alex-
ander III. The king and bishop were excommuni-
cated and when in 1167 the bishop died the clergy
of Prague refused to recite the Ofhce for the Dead.
It was during the quarrel between Duke Pfemysl
Ottokar I and Bishop Henry Bfetislaw that Kacim,
Bishop of Olmiitz, ordained deacons and priests at
Prague in 1193 but forgot the lajdng on of hands.
Two years later his successor, Engelbert, performed
this part of the rite, but the cardinal legate Peter
suspended the ordination and in 1197 the entire ordi-
nation had to be repeated. At the renewed ordina-
tion the cardinal legate insisted positively upon the
vow of chastity. The candidates rebelled at this and
Peter had to leave the church. Not long after, the
legate succeeded in making a sjTiod pass his demands,
and the prosperity of the Bohemian Church rapidly
increased. About this time St. Hrozata founded the
Premonstratensian Abbey of Tepl, which he entered.
Pfemysl Ottokar I made Bohemia a hereditary
kingdom, and independent of Germany; hence the
Bishops of Prague and Olmiitz no longer received in-
vestiture from the emperor but from the King of
Bohemia. The cathedral chapter was to elect the
bishop. Ottokar wished to make Prague an arch-
bishopric with Olmiitz as its suffragan. Innocent III,
however, had all the less reason to be gracious to the
Bohemian king as Ottokar had just changed his po-
litical adherence from Otto IV to Philip of Swabia,
against the wishes of the pope. The first king who
received Bohemia by inheritance desired to annul the
immunity of the clergj' and take the church tithes for
himself, while Bishop Andreas wished to enforce the
decrees of the fourth Synod of Laberno. The king
would not permit this. Andreas placed Bohemia un-
der an interdict, the king cut off all the bishop's
revenues. The pope commanded that Robert of Ol-
miitz, who, in spite of the interdict, had celebrated
Mass at Prague, should be punished. With the aid
of a legate a fairly satisfactory agreement was reached
(Concord of Skacenze, 1220). One of Ottokar's
daughters, St. Agnes, corresponded with St. Clare of
Assisi, and founded the convent of St. Clare, called
later St. Agnes, in 123-1 at Prague; as soror major
Agnes was the head of it. She also aided the founda-
tion of the Order of the Knights of the Cross of the
Red Star at Prague. While on his journey to Poland
St. Hyacinth brought Dominicans to Prague, who
established themselves in the monastery of St.
Clement. Wenceslaus granted to the Franciscans
the monastery of St. James in the Altstadt. Prague.
Bohemian nobles who went to France became ac-
quainted there with the Knights Templars. They
introduced them into Bohemia and the order flour-
ished to such extent that in 1240 Bohemia became a
national prion,^ and Prague had two conmianderies,
the Temple and St. Laurence. Church life flourished
in Bohemia at this era; the country seemed "to
breathe nothing but holiness". King Wenceslaus
remained a firm adherent of Frederick II even after
his deposition by the Council of Lyons. \n interdict
was pronoimced over Bohemia and Bishop Nicholas
