PUEBLO
555
PUEBLO
5 San Juan 404
6 Santa Clara 277
7 Tesuque about 75
lb. Tano group ("Tanos province") practi- cally extinct.
2. Tiqua group (' ' Tiguex province ' ' )
1 Isleta about 9S0
2 Isleta del Sur (Texas, IMexican-
ized) about 40
3 Picurio about 75
4 Sandia 78
5 Taos.... 515
3. Piro group ("Piros province", "Tomjiras
province"), practically extinct; Senecu, Mex, Mexicanized. Tanoan .stock, continued :
4. Jemez group ("Jemes or Emer province",
"Pecos province") 1010 A. D.
1 Jemez about 430
2 Pecos (extinct, 1838) Keresan stock ("Quirix or Quires province"):
la. Eastern group:
1 Cochiti about 280
2 San Felipe 514
3 Santa Ana 211
4 Santo Domingo 819
5 Sia 119
lb. Western group:
1 Acoma, etc about 745
2 Laquna, etc about 1350
Zunian stock ("Cibola province"):
1 Zuiii, etc 1640
Shoshonean stock:
Hopi group ("Tusayan province"):
1 Mishongnovi about 175
2 Oraibi " 780
3 Shijanlovi " 140
4 Shongopovi " 250
5 Sichomovi " 130
6 Walpi " 200
7 Hano (of Tewa group) " 125
History: The history of the Pueblo tribes begins
in 1539 with the expedition of the Franciscan monk, Marcos di Xiza, who, lured by rumours of great cities in the North, set out from Slexico, accompanied by some Indian guides and by a negro survivor of the ill-fated Nawaez expedition, and after crossing the great deserts that intervened, arrived within sight of Zuiii, planted a cross and dedicated the country to St. Francis, and returned with the news of his dis- covery. A powerful expedition was at once organized under Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, for the con- quest of the new country. In July, 1540, after nearly five months' march, the advance guard reached the principal Zuni town, which was taken by storm. Exploring parties were sent out in every direction, over to the Hopi, the Colorado, and the buffalo plains, and the expedition finally went into winter quarters at Puaray, among the Tigua (Tiguex province) about the present Bernalillo, North Mexico, on the Rio Grande. The province was rich and populous, having twelve pueblos with perhaps 8000 souls. The Indians were at first friendly, but the arbitrary conduct of the Spaniards soon provoked hostility and resistance, which was put down with terrible atrocity, one hundred surrendered prisoners being burnt at the stake, or shot down as they attempted to escape, and hundreds or thousands of others being butchered in a determined struggle. Coronado penetrated as far as Quivora (the Wichita country), in central Kansas, where Fr. Juan de Padilla remained to evangelize the natives (see Wichita). After another winter in Tiguex, which remained hostile, with explorations among the Jemez, Piros and other tribes, the expedi- tion returned to Mexico in the spring of 1542. Besides Fr. Padilla with the Wichita, Fr. Lius de Escalona remained behind at Pecos ("Cicuye") and Brother
Juan de la Cruz at Puaray. The first, and it is be-
lieved, all three, were killed by the Indians, being the
first missionary martjTS within the United States.
Unless otherwise noted, all the Catholic mission work-
ers in the Pueblo region are Franciscans.
No other entry of the Pueblo country was made until 1581, when Fr. Augustin Rodriguez asked and received permission for the undertaking. Accom- panied by two other priests, Frs. Santa Maria and Lopez, with an escort of about twenty Indians and soldiers under Francisco Chamuscado, he reached Tiguex late in the year. The escort was apparently frightened by the hostile attitude of the natives, but the priests remained, and all tliree soon afterward met the fate of their predecessors, being killed by t he Tigua. In an attempt to ascertain the details of their death, and possibly recover their remains, a volunteer ex- plorer, Don Antonio Espejo, accompanied by Fr. Bernardino Beltran, in the next year led a small expedition over the same route up the Rio Grande. Having accomplished this purpose he went on, visiting almost every Pueblo tribe from the Pecos to the Hopi, finally reaching Mexico in the fall of 1583. Late in 1590 a strong expedition under Castano de Sosa ascended the Rio Grande, stormed Pecos and visited a large number of pueblos, whose inhabitants either fled or made submission. One or two later contraband ex-peditions seem to have reached the buffalo plains. The real conquest of the country was accomplished in 1598-9 by Juan de Onate of Zacatecas, with 400 men, including commissary Fr. Alonso Martinez and nine other Franciscans, who traversed the whole region to beyond the Hopi, generally establishing friendly relations with the natives, and organizing regular forms of government, with a priest in each district. A massacre of a Spanish detachment at the almost inaccessible cliff town of Acoma resulted in the storming of the pueblo and the slaughter of most of the inhabitants, 24 January, 1599. In 1605 Santa Fe was founded as the capital of New Mexico.
In 1617 eleven Franciscan churches had been built and 14,000 natives baptized. In 1G21 Fr. Alonso de Bena\ddes arrived as first custodian with 27 more Franciscans. In 1627 over 34,000 Indians had been baptized and 43 churches built, and 46 fathers and a number of laymen were at work. To Fr. Benavides we owe the "Memorial", the standard authority on early New Mexico and its missions, published at Madrid in 1630. Fr. Geronirao Salmeron, of the same period, is the author of a "Doctrina" in the Jemez language and of a valuable "Relaciones de Nuevo Mexico". In 1630 there were about 50 friars serving over 60,000 Indians in over 90 pueblos grouped into 25 mission jurisdictions, the work including even a part of the wild Apache and the unidentified Jumana in the eastern plains.
Shortly afterward began the difficulties between the administration and the missionaries, which led up to the great disaster of 1680. Revolts at various times of the Jemez, Tewa, Piros, and others were harshly repressed by the governors. Taos planned a general rising and several missionaries were killed. From about 1670 the Apache and Navaho raids became a constant check to Pueblo prosperity. The trouble culminated in August of 1680 in a general rising of all the Pueblos, with a few exceptions, under Popfi, a Tewa chief of San Juan. Nearly four hundred Span- iards were killed, including twenty-one of the thirty- three missionaries then in the country; every mission was destroyed, with furnishings and records; Governor Otermin was besieged in Santa F(5, and finally compelled to withdraw with every Spaniard in the country into Mexico. Many of the Indians abandoned their pueblos and built new towns in inaccessible regions. For twelve years the Pueblos retained their independ- ence until the reconquest of the country by Diego de Varzas in 1692-4. In Zuni alone was found any iu-
