PUTATIVE
584
PUVIS
have been established in New York (1865), Cincin-
nati, Ohio (1867), and Rome (1S98).
De.nk. Friedrich Puilet. Vater u. Sohn. Zxrei LebensbUder, lugleich eine Ge4ch. des Hauses Puslet (Ratiabon, 1904).
Friedrich Pustet.
Putative Marriage. — Putative (Lat., putativus, supjKised; signifies that which is commonly thought, reputed, or believed. A putative marriage, con- sequently, in canon law is a matrimonial alhance which is commonly reputed to be vahd, and is gincerel}" believed by one at lea,st of the contracting parties to be so in the eyes of the Church, because entered into in good faith; but which in reahty is nuU and void, owing to the existence of a diriment im- pediment. The Church too in her external forum recognizes such a marriage, until its invaUdity be proved; and concedes to the children born thereof the rights of legitimacy.
Gasparri. De Matrimonio. I, nn. 47, 1375 (3rd ed., Paris, 1904) ; RossET, De Sacr. Matr.. n. 17.
Andrew B. Meehan.
Puteanus, Ertcius (Errijck de Put), b. at Venloo, in Dutch Limbourg, 4 Nov., 1574; d. at Louvain, 17 Sept., 1646. A Belgian humanist and philologist, he studied at the schools of Dordrecht and Cologne (College des Trois-Couronnes), where he took the degree of Master of .Arts. 28 Feb., 1.595. He then followed, at Louvain, the lectures on ancient history given by Justus Lipsius. In 1597 he re- paired to Italy, and Uved in intimacy with the learned men of that country, especially the famous Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, through whom he was appointed professor of Latin at the Palatine School of Milan from 1600 to 1606, when the States of Brabant offered him the chair left vacant by Lipsius at Louvain. He taught with eclat at the College des Trois-Langues for forty years, and was loaded vrith favours by reign- ing princes: the Archduke Albert appointed him his honorary counsellor (1612), and increased his annual pension by 200 ducats (1614), and added the reversion of Chateau-Cesar. At the same time he filled, after 1603, the post of historiographer to King Philip IV, on behalf of the Milanese, with other appointments, often ill-paid in consequence of a treasury depicted by continual wars. His ra,sh language provoked political animosities, and he was almost driven into exile by request of King James I of England, who wrongly Delieved him to be the author of an injurious lampoon.
His family numbered seventeen children, of whom four died in infancy. The ser\-ices he rendered to his native Guelders, the Low Countries, and in- di\-iduals were considerable. Puteanus was an encyclopedist ; his ideal, which saw in numerous and varied acquirements the fullest measure of wisdom and the surest means of arriving at virtue the end of all knoweldge, had been suggested to him by his master Justus Lipsius. During a certain period of his literarj' activity (1603-19), he detached himself from Lipsius by aiming at personal leadership of a school. He dreamed of re-establishing in Belgium the splendid classical period and the cult of eloquence which he had derived from Italy. \Micn he saw the uselessness of his efforts, the indifference of a too utilitarian ago inclined towards positive sciences, he again threw himself into encyclopedic authorship and produced his best chronological works. His merit as a philologist is somewhat limited; but his disserta- tions, reproduced in the Thesauri of Gr:e\nus and Gronovius, are of real value and may still be con- sulted. As a whole, his influence on Belgian phi- lologj' has been unfortunate.
For the hLftor\' of the numerous writings and editions of Erj'cius Puteanus see Roersch and Van'Derhaeohen in Biblio- Iheca Bdgica (1904-.5). nos. 166. 167. 168, 171; also Roebsch in Bioffraphie Nationah ./<• Behiiur. XVIII (1904); SiMAB, Elude sur£rycitu Puteanus (Louvain. 1909).
Th. Si.m.\r.
Joseph Putzer
Puteoli. See Pozzuou, Diocese of.
Putiphar. See Joseph.
Putzer, Joseph, theologian and canonist, b. at Rodaneck, Tyrol, 4 March, 1836; d. at Ilchester, Md., 15 May, 1904. He entered the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer and made his religious pro- fession, 14 Aug., 1856. Having finished his theolo- gical studies at Mautem, Austria, he was ordained 7 Aug., 1859. He arrived in New York, 7 Aug., 1876, was assigned to St. AI]ihiinsns'. Baltimore, until 1880, and was oc- cupied in parish work at St. Mich- ael's church until 1884, when he was chosen Superior of St. Marj's, Buffalo, and in 1887 was called to Ilchester, Md., to occupy the chair of moral theology and canon law. With great learning, he possessed a funil of genuine, solid piety, of which humility and sim- plicity were char- acteristic traits. His opinion was constantly sought on questions of theology and canon law; he wrote frequently for periodicals and journals, generally signing his arti- cles: "J. P." He is best known by his "Commentarium in Facultates Apostohcas", five editions, first under- taken by Father Konings. Father Putzer re%Tsed and enlarged it into practicallv a new work. On its appearance the "Ci\-iha Cattolica" (7 Oct., 1893) and "'11 Monitore" (31 Aug., 1897) among others praised its clearness, depth, precision, and learning. Father Putzer also published an "Instructio de confessariis religiosorum exemptorum" (two edi- tions) and "Jubila-um anni 1901 — Commentarium". He left an abundance of unpublished manuscripts. The "American Ecclesiastical Re\-icw " says of him that he is entitled "to the gratitude of all who believe themselves debtors to Holy Church. His memory, his judgment, hLs keen power of analysis were rarely at fault in difficult questions of moral theology."
Provincial ami Domralic ChronicUs: Amtrican Ecclesiastical Review (Philadelphia. 1904). XXX, 614; The Catholic Church in the i: .S., (New York, 190S) I, 239; Madeb, Die Redemploristen in Oeslerrrich (Vienna, 1SS7); \ord Amerika (Philadelphia, 26 May, 1904).
C. J. Warren.
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, French painter, b. at Lyons, 14 Dec, 1S24; d. at Paris, 24 Oct., 1898. Through his father Puvis was Burgundian — "Bur- gundian salt ", says the proverb, that is the strongest French race, which produced such men as Bossuet, Buffon, and Lamartine. His Lyonnaise idealism, which he inherited through his mother, never allowed him to lo.se the sense of the real, his dreams were al- ways possible and probable. His vocation was slow in manifesting itself. His parents intended him for the Ecole Polytechnique, and he was twenty-three years old when after his return from a first journey to Italy he showed the incliniition to paint. Determin- ing to adopt art as a profession, he studied for a year without much jjrofit in the studio of Henry Scheffer, the brother of An,', and afterwards entered
