PHILOXENUS
40
PHOCJEA
The programme of courses of the Institute of Pliilos-
ophy of Louvain is drawn up in conformity with
this spirit.
Gexeral Works. — Mercier, Cours de philosophic. Logique. Criteriologie generate. Ontologie. Psj/cAo(offie (Louvain, 1905-10); Nvs, Cosmologie (Louvain, 1904); Slonyhurst Philosophical Series: — Cluike, Logic (London, 1909); John Rick.ibt, Firsl Princi- ples of Knowledge (London, 1901); Joseph Rickabt, Moral Phi- losophij (London, 1910); Boedder, Natural Theology (London, 1906); Mahee, Psychology (London, 1909); John Rickaby, Gen- eral Metaphysics (London, 1909) ; Walker, Theories of Knowledge (London, 1910 — ); Zigliara, Summa pAt7os. (Paris) ; Schiffixi, Principia philos. (Turin); UrrAburu, Institut. philosophiae (ValladoUd) ; Idem, Compend. phil. schol. (Madrid) ; Philosophia Lacensis: — Pesch, Inst, logicales (Freiburg, ISSS) ; Idem, Inst, phil. natur. (Freiburg, ISSO) ; Idem, Inst, psychol. (Freiburg, 189S); HONTHEiM, Inst, theodicam; Meter, Inst, juris natur.; Domet de Vorges, AbrcgS de mitaphysique (Paris); Faroes, Etudes phil. (Paris); Gutbeelet. Lehrbuch der Philos. Logik und Erkenninistheorie, Algemeine Metaphys., Naturphilos., Die psy- chol.. Die Theodicee, Ethik u. Naturrecht, Etkik u. Religion (Munster, 1S7S-85); Rabieh, Lffons de phil. (Paris); Wi.vdel- ban-d with the collaboration of Liebmaxn, Wundt, Lipps, B.\T7CH, Lask, Rickert, Troeltsch, and Groos, Die Philos. im Beginn des zwanzigsten Jahrhund. (Heidelberg); Systemalische Philosophic by Dilthet, Riehl, Wundt, Ostw.\ld, Ebbinghaus, Euckem, Paulsen, and Munch; Lipps, Des Gesanitwerkers, Die KuUur der Gegenivdrt (Leipzig), pt. I. vi; De Wulf, tr. Coffey, Scholasticism Old and New. An Introduction to Neo-Scholastic Philosophy (Dublin, 1907); Kulpe, Einleitung in die Philos. (Leipzig); Wv-ndt, Einleitung in die Philos. (Leipzig) ; Harper, The Metaphysics of the School (London, 1879-84).
Dictionaries. — Baldwin, Diet, of Philosophy and Psychology (London, 1901-05) ; Fhanck, Did. des sciences phil. (Paris, 1876) ; ElSLER, WUrterbuch der Philosoph. Begriffe (Berlin, 1899) ; Voca- butaire technique et critique de phil., in course of publication by the Soc. fran^aise de philosophic.
Collections. — Bibliothkque de VInstitut superieur de philoso- phic; PEILL.VUBE, Bibl. de phil. experimentale (Paris): Rlvii:EE, Bibl. de phil. contemporaine (Paris); Coll. historique des grands philosophes (Paris) ; Le Bon, Bibl. de philosophic seientif. (Paris) ; PriT, Les grands philosophes (Paris); Philosophische Bibliothek (Leipzig).
Peeiodical Pubuc.\tions. — Mind, a quarterly review of psy- chology and philosophy (London, 1876 — ); The Philosoph. Rev. (New York, 1892 — ); Internal. Jour, of Ethics (Philadelphia); Proc. of Aristotelian Society (London, 1888 — ) ; Rev. tiSo-scholas- iique de phil. (Louvain, 1894 — ) ; Rev.des sciences phil. et theol. (Paris) ; Revue Thomiste {Toulouse, 1893 — ); .innales de philosophie chret. (Paris, 1831 — ); Rev. de philos. (Paris); Phitosophisches Jahrbuch (Fulda); Zeitschr. fUr philos. und philosophische Kritik, formerly Fichte-Ulrisische Zeitschr. (Leipzig, 1S47 — ): Kantstudien (Ber- lin, 1896 — ); Arch. f. wissenschaftliche Philos. und Soziologie (Leipzig, 1877 — ) ; --IrcA. /. systemalische Philos. (Berlin, 1895 — ) ; Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos. (Berlin, 1888—); Rev. phil. de la France et de VEtranger (Paris, 1876 — ) ; Rev. de mitaph. et de morale (Paris, 1894 — ) ; Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte (Amsterdam, 1907 — ) ; Ric. di filosofia neo-scholaslica (Florence, 1909 — ) ; Rivista di filosofia (Modena).
Dn'isioN OF Philosophy. — Methods. — RIarietan, Le pro- hUmede la classification des sciences d' Aristote d S. Thomas (Paris, 1901); WiLLMANX, Didaktik (Brunswick, 1903).
General History. — Ueberweg, Hist, of Philosophy, tr. Mor- ris (New York, 1875-76); Erdmann, Hist, of Phil. (London, 1898); WiNDELBAND, ffis(. o/PAii. (New York, 1901); Turner, Hist, of Phil. (Boston, 1903); Willmann, Gesch. des Idealismus (Brunswick. 1908); Zeller, Die Philos. der Griechen (Berlin), tr. Alleyne, Reichel, Goodwin, Costelloe, and Muirhead (Lon- don); De Wulf, Hist, of Mediccml Phil. (London, 1909; Paris, Tiibingen, and Florence, 1912); Windelb.and, Gesch. der neueren Philos. (Leipzig. 1872-80) , tr. Tufts (New York, 1901) ; Hoffding, Den nyere Filosofis Historic (Copenhagen, 1894), tr. May"Er, ,4 Hist, of Mod. Phil. (London. 1900); Fisher, Geschichte derneueren Philosophic (Heidelberg, 1SS9-1901); Stockl, Lehrbuch der Ge- schichte der Philosophic ( Mainz, 1888; tr. in part by Finl.\y, Dub- lin, 1903) ; Weber, History of Philosophy, tr. Thilly (New York, 1901).
Contemporary History. — Eucken, Geistige Strdmungen der Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1901); Windelband, Die Philos. im Beginn d. XX. Jahr., I (Heidelberg) ; Calderon, Les courants phil. dans I'Am&rique latine (Heidelberg, 1909) ; Ceclemans, Le mouvement phil. en ArrUrique in Rev. neo-scholast. (Nov., 1909) ; Baumann, Deutsche u. ausserdeutsche Philos. der letzen Jahrzeknte (Gotha, 1903).
Philosophy and Theology. — Heitz, Essai hist, sur les rapp. entre la philosophic et la foi de Bdrenger de Tours a S. Thomas (Paris. 1909); Brunhes, La foi chrSt. et la phil. au temps de la renaiss. caroling. (Paris, 1903); Gr.vbmann, Die Gesch. der scho- last. methode (Freiburg, 1909).
M. De WcrLP.
Philosenus (.\khsenata) of Mabbogh, b. at Ta- hal, in the Persian province of Beth-Garmai in the second quarter of the fifth century; d. at Gangra, in Paphlagonia, r^2'.i. He studied at Edessa when Ibas was bishop of that city (43.5-,'57). Shortly after he joined the ranks of the Monophysites and became their most learned and coinapeous champion. In 485 he was appointed Bishop of Hierapolis, or Mabbogh
(iManbidj) by Peter the Fuller. He continued to
attack the Decrees of Chalcedon and to defend the
"Henoticon" of Zeno. He twice visited Constanti-
nople in the interests of his party, and in 512 he per-
suaded the Emperor Anastasius to depose Flavian of
Antioch and to appoint Severus in his stead. His tri-
umph, however, was short-lived. Anastasius died in
518 and was succeeded by the orthodox Justin I. By a
decree of the new ruler the bishops who had been de-
posed under Zeno and Anastasius were restored to
their sees, and Philoxenus, with fifty-three other
Monophysites, was banished. He went" to Philippop-
ohs, in Thrace, and afterwards to Gangra where he
was murdered.
Philoxenus is considered one of the greatest masters of Syriac prose. He wrote treatises on liturgy, exe- gesis, moral and dogmatic theology, besides many letters which are important for the ecclesiastical history of his time. Notice must be taken of the Philo.xenian Syriac version of the Holy Scriptures. This version was not Philoxenus's o^\ti work, but was made, upon his request and under his direction, by the chorepisco- pus Polycarp about 505. It seems to have been a free revision of the Peshitta according to the Lucian re- cension of the Septuagint. It is not known whether it extended to the whole Bible. Of the Philoxenian ver- sion of the Old Testament we have only a few frag- ments of the Book of Isaias (xxviii, 3-17"; xlii, 17-xlix, IS; Ixvi, 11-23) preserved in Syr. MS. Add. 17106 of the British Museum, and pubhshed by Ceriani. Of the New Testament we have the Second Epistle of St. Peter, the Second and Third Epistles of St. John and the Epistle of St. Jude, all of which are printed in our Syriac Bibles. There remain also a few fragments of the Epistles of St. Paul (Rom., vi, 20; I Cor., i, 28; II Cor., vii, 13; x, 4; Eph., vi, 12), first published by Wiseman from Syr. MS. 153 of the Vatican. Gwynn is of the opinion that the Syriac text of the Apocalj^Dse published by himself in 1897 probablj' belongs to the original Philoxenian.
Duv.^L, LittSrature Syriaque (3rd ed., Paris, 1907) ; Wright, .4 Short History of Syriac Literature (London, 1894); Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis, II (Rome, 1719); Wiseman, Horcs Syriaas (Rome, 1828); Ceriani, Monumenta sacra et profana, V (Milan, 1868) ; Renaudot, Liturgiarum Orientalium Collectio, II (Frank- fort, 1847); Martin, Syro-Chaldaica Institutiones (1873); GuiDl, La Letlera di Filosseno ai monaci di Tell 'Adda (Rome, 1886) ; Frothingham, Stephen bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic and the Book of Hierotheos (Leyden, 1886); Walus-Budge. The Dis- courses of Philoxenus, Bishop of Mabbogh (2 vols., London, 1894); Vaschalde, Three Letters of Philoxenus, Bishop of Mabbogh USo-Sl.O); being the letter to the monks, the first letter to the monks of Beth-Gaugal, and the letter to Emperor Zeno, with an English trans- lation, and an introduction to the life, works, and doctrine of Philoxenus (Rome, 1902) ; Idem, Philoxeni Mabbugensis Tractatua de Trinitate et Incarnatione in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Paris, 1907) ; Gw^ynn, The Apocalypse of St. John in a Syriac Version hitherto unknown (Dublin, 1897); Idem, Rem- nants of the later Syriac Versions of the Bible (Oxford, 1909) ; Baethgen, Philoxenus von Mabug Ubcr den Glauben in Zeitschrift fur Kirchgejchichte, V (1882), 122-38.
A. A. Vaschalde.
Fhocsea, titular see in Asia, suffragan of Ephesus. The town of Phocsa was founded in the eleventh century B. c. by colonists from Phocidia led by two Athenians. They settled first on a small island on the neighbouring coast, a territory given by the Cymaeans, between the Bays of Cj'maeus and Her- maus, 23 miles north of Smyrna. It was ad- mitted to the Ionian Confederation after having accepted kings of the race of Codrus. Its fine posi- tion, its two ports, and the enterprising spirit of the inhabitants made it one of the chief maritime cities of ancient times. Historians speak of it but rarelj' before the Roman wars against Antiochus. The pra-tor .Emilius Regillus took possession of the town (189 n. c.) ; he disturbed neither its boundaries nor its laws. During the war against .\ristonicus, who reclaimed the throne of Pergamum, the Phoca'ans took his part and, through the intervention of M.a.ssilia, escaped being severely punished by the Romans. At the time the
