RAYMOND
672
RAYNOUARD
editions appeared in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. In 1229 Raymond was appointed tlieo-
logian and penitentiary to the Cardinal Archbishop
of Sabina, John of Abbeville, and was summoned to
Rome in 1230 by Gregory IX, who appointed him
chaplain and grand penitentiary. The reputation
of the saint for juridical science decided the pope to
employ Raymond of Penafort's talents in re-arrang-
ing and codifying the canons of the Church. He
had to rewrite and condense decrees that had been
multiplying for centuries, and which were contained
in some twelve or fourteen collections already exist-
ing. We learn from a Bull of Gregory IX to the Uni-
versities of Paris and Bologna that many of the decrees
in the collections were but repetitions of ones issued
before, many contracUcted what had been determined
in previous decrees, and many on account of their
great length led to endless confusion, while others
had never been embodied in any collection and were
of uncertain authority.
The pope announced the new pubUcation in a Bull directed to the doctors and students of Paris and Bologna in 1231, and commanded that the work of St. Raymond alone should be considered authorita- tive, and should alone be used in the schools. When Raymond completed his work the pope appointed him Archbishop of Tarragona, but the saint dechned the honour. Having edited the Decretals he re- turned to Spain. He was not allowed to remain long in seclusion, as he was elected General of the Order in 1238; but he resigned two years later. During liis tenure of office he published a revised edition of the Dominican Constitutions, and it was at his request that St. Thomas wrote the "Summa contra Gentes". St. Raymond was canonized by Clement VIII in 1601. His "Summa de Pcenitentia et Matrimonio" is said to be the first work of its kind. His feast is 23 Jan.
Monumenta Historica Ord. Prcsd., V, iv; Bullarium Ord, Pr(Fd.; Penia, Vita S. Raymundi; Mortier, Hist, des Maitres G^niraux (Paris, 1903); Finke, Acta Aragonensia, II (1908), 902-4; Qu^TiF-EcHARD, Script, Ord. Freed,; Balme, Raymundiana (1901).
Michael M. O'Kane.
Raymond of Sabunde (Sabonde, Sebon, Se- BEYDE, etc.), b. at Barcelona, Spain, towards the end of the fourteenth century; d. 1432. From 1430 to his death he taught theology, philosophy, and medi- cine at the University of Toulouse. Apparently, he wrote several works on theology and philosophy, only one of which remains, "Theologia Naturalis". It was first written in Spanish, translated into French by Montaigne (Paris, 1569) and into Latin at various times (e. g. Deventer, 1487; Strasburg, 1496; Paris, 1509; Venice, 1581, etc.). Montaigne bears witness to the extraordinary popularity which the work en- joyed in his day. It represents a phase of decadent Scholasticism, and is a defence of a point of view which is subversive of the fundamental principle of the Scholastic method. The Schoolmen of the thir- teenth century, while holding that there can be no contradiction between theology and philosophy, maintain that the two sciences are distinct. Ray- mond breaks down the distinction by teaching a kind of theosophy, the doctrine, namely that, as man is a connecting link between the natural and the supernatural, it is possible by a study of human na- ture to arrive at a knowledge even of the most pro- found mysteries of Faith. The tendency of his thought is similar to that of the rationalistic theos- ophy of Raymond Lully (q. v.).
De Wulf, History of Medieml Philosophy, tr. Coffey (New York, 1909), 4.5.T .sq.; .StOckl, Gesch. der Phil, des Mittelalters, II (Mainz, 186.5), 105 aq.
William Turner.
Raynaldi (Rinaldi), Odohico, Oratorian, b. at Trevfeo in 1595; d. at Rome, 22 January, 1671. Of
patrician birth, he studicil at Parma and Padua,
joined the Oratorians in Rome, and, distinguished for
his piety, beneficence, and scholarship, was twice
elected superior general of his congregation. He was
entrusted with the continuation of the annals of Ba-
ronius and, after the publication of the first volume,
was offered the direction of the Vatican Library by
Innocent X, which honour he declined. His contin-
uation of Baronius extends from 1198 to 1565 and
was published at Rome, 1646-77. He was the ablest
continuator of the great historian. Although his
work is marred here and there by inaccurate chron-
ological data and lack of criticism, the numerous
original documents which it reproduces render it very
valuable. Raynaldi also published excerpts in Latin
and Italian both from the work of Baronius and his
own continuation of it.
Mansi in Baronius-Theiner, pp. iii-viii; Anrmlcs Eccles., XX (Bar-le-Duc. 1870), 3-8.
N. A. Weber.
Raynaud, Theophile, theologian and writer, b. at Sospello near Nice, 15 Nov., 1583; d. at Lyons, 31 Oct., 1663. He entered the Society of Jesus, 21 November, 1602, taught grammar and humanities at Avignon, philosophy and theology at Lyons and for a time at Rome. He was very zealous for souls, a theologian of broad erudition, and a WTiter of great fertility, ha\'ing produced ninety-two separate works, covering almost the entire field of theology. His style, however, is often prolix and sometimes obscure, whilst in his controversial writings he indulges in satire and invective. His collected works, revised by himself shortly before his death, were published under the direction of his confrere, Fr. John Bertet, in nineteen volumes (Lyons, 1665). A twentieth volume, entitled "Th. Raynaudi Apopompaeus" (i. e. the scapegoat), containing a number of writings which the author had purposely excluded from the collection, was published by an anonymous editor a few years later (Cracow, 1669) ; this volume was con- demned by the Congregation of the Index. The main titles alone of the Opera" are given, to show the nature and extent of his writings: I. "Theologia Patrum: Christus Deus Homo"; II. "De Attributis Christi"; III. "MoraUs discipUna"; IV. "De vir- tutibus et vitiis"; V. "Theologia naturaUs"; VI. "Opuscula eucharistica"; VII. "Mariaha"; VlII- IX. " Hagiologium " ; X. "Pontificia"; XI. "Critica sacra"; XII. "Miscella sacra"; XIII. "Miscella philologica"; XIV. "Moraha"; XV-XVI. "Hetero- chtaspiritualia"; XVII. "Ascetica"; XVIII. "Polem- ica". XIX contains general indices.
Weiss in Michaud, Biag. Universelle, XXXVII (Paris, 1824); HuRTER. Nomenclator Lilerariris. I (Innsbruck, 1892), 404 sqq.; Sommervogel, Bibl de la C, de J., VI (Brussels, 1895).
Edward C. Phillips.
Raynouard, Francois-Juste-Marie, a French poet, dramatist, and philologist, b. at Brignoles, Var, 8 September, 1761; d. at Passy, 27 October, 1836. He studied law at Aix and, on being admitted to the bar, practised there. When the Revolution broke out, he showed at first a great enthusiasm for liberty and was elected to the Legislative Assembly, where he sided with the Girondins. He soon aban- doned the new ideas. During the Terror, he was arrested and imprisoned at the Abbaye. Being freed after the ninth Thermidor, he returned to his native city and obtained great success as an at- torney-at-iaw. In his leisure hours, he indulged in writing poems, "Socrateau temple d'Aglaure" (1802), and tragedies, "El(5onore de Baviere" and "Les templiers", which were pl.ayed in 1805 by special command of Napoleon. Their success caused him to be elected to the French Academy in 1807. From 1806 to 1814, he was a member of the Legislature. After Napoleon's downfall, he retired from politics and devoted his time to literature and a comparative
