SCANDAL
507
SCANDAL
St. Thomas: minus rectum. It is not the physical
cause of a neighbour's sin, but only the moral cause, or
occasion; further, this moral causahty may be un-
derstood in a strict sense, as when one orders, re-
quests, or advises another to commit the sin (this
is strictly inductive scandal, which some call co-opera-
tion in a broad sense), or in a large sense, as when a
person without being directly concerned in the sin
nevertheless exercises a certain influence on the sin of
his neighbour, e. g. by committing such a sin in his
presence (this is inductive scandal in a broad sense).
For scandal to exist it is therefore essential and suffi-
cient, with regard to the nature of the act and the
circumstances under which it takes place, that it be
of a nature to induce sin in another; consequently it is
not necessary that the neighbour should actually fall
into sin; and on the other hand, for scandal strictly
so-called, it is not enough that a neighbour take oc-
casion to do evil from a word or action which is not a
subject of scandal and exercises no influence on his
action; it must be a cause of spiritual ruin, that is of
sin, consequently that is not scandal which merely
dissuades the neighbour from a more perfect act, as for
instance, prayer, the practice of the Evangelical vir-
tues, the more frequent use of the sacraments, etc.
Still less can that be considered scandal, which only
arouses comment, indignation, horror etc., for in-
stance blasphemy committed in the presence of a
priest or of a religious; it is true that the act arouses
indignation and in common parlance it is often called
scandalous, but this way of speaking is inaccurate, and
in strictly theological terminology it is not the sin of
scandal. Hence scandal is in itself an evil act, at
least in appearance, and as such it exercises on the will
of another an influence more or less great which in-
duces to sin. Furthermore, when the action from
which another takes occasion of sin is not bad, either
in itself or in appearance, it may violate charity (see
below), but strictly speaking it is not the sin of scan-
dal. However, some authorities undenstanding the
word scandal in a wider sense include in it this case.
II. Divisions. — (1) Scandal is divided into active and passive. Active scandal is that which has been de- fined above; passive scandal is the sin which another commits in consequence of active scandal. Pa.ssive scandal is called scandal given {scandalum datum), when the act of the scandalizer is of a nature to oc- casion it; and scandal received (ncceptum), when the action of the one who scandalizes is due solely to ig- norance or weakness — this is scandal of the weak {infirmorum), — or to malice and evil inclinations — this is Pharisaical scandal, which was that of the Pharisees with regard to the words and actions of Christ. (2) Active scandal is direct when he who commits it has the intention of inducing another to sin; such is the sin of one who solicits another to the crime of adultery, theft etc. If one prevails upon another to commit the sin not only because of an advantage or pleasure be- lieved to accrue therefrom but chiefly because of the sin itself, because it is an offence to God or the ruin of a neighbour's soul, direct scandal is called by the ex- pressive name of diabolical scandal. On the other hand scandal is only indirect when without the inten- tion to cause another to fall into sin we say a word or perform a deed which is for him an occasion of sin.
III. Malice. — (1) That active scandal is a mortal sin Christ Him.self has taught (Matt., xviii, 6sqq.) and reason makes evident. If charity obliges us to assist our neighbour's temporal and spiritual necessities (see Alms; Correction) it obhges us still more strongly not to be to him a cause of sin or spiritual ruin. Hence it follows that every sin of scandal is contrary to charity. Moreover (2) direct scandal is obviou.sly contrary to the virtue against which an- other is induced to sin; in fact every virtue forbids not only its violation by ourselves but also that we should desire its violation by another. (3) Indirect scandal
is also contrary to charity (see above); but is it also
opposed to the virtue violated by another? St. Al-
phonsus answers in the affirmative; others, and this
seems the true opinion, deny this. In fact no one has
hitherto proved this species of malice, and those who
admit it are not consistent with themselves, for they
should also maintain, which no one does, that anyone
who is indirectly the cause of an injustice by another
is also bound to restitution; what is true of justice
should hold good for the other virtues.
IV. The question remains: When is there a sin of scandal? for it is obvious that not all who are the occasion of sin to others are thereby guilty. (1) As a general rule the sin of scandal exists when one di- rectly induces another to do a thing which he cannot do without sin, either formal or material, e. g. by soliciting a person to perjury, drunkenness, sins of the flesh, etc., even though the person induced to this act is habitually or at the time disposed to commit it. It is otherwise when the thing we ask is good or indif- ferent; this may be done without scandal and ■w^thout sin, when there is a just cause or serious reason for asking it; even though one foresees that the other will probably sin in granting it; thus for the common weal a judge may demand an oath even from those who will probably commit perjury; one who has need of money and who cannot find anyone who will lend to him may have recourse to an usurer although he fore- sees that the latter wll exact exorbitant and unjust interest, etc. The thing asked must be without sin either formal or material because it is not allowed to l)rofit by the ignorance of another to induce him to commit what is forbidden; to cause a child to utter blasphemies, to induce someone who is unaware of the precept of the Church to eat flesh on a fast day, and so on. In fact in all these cases the sin is to be as- cribed to the person who endeavours to cause it. This is the general rule, but here the question arises, may one advise another bent on committing a great crime to be satisfied instead with doing something less evil? This question is much discussed, but the opin- ion which considers such a course justifiable is prob- able and may be followed in practice. In fact the advice thus given is not properly speaking advice to do evil but to do a lesser evil or rather not to do the greater evil which a man intends to commit; therefore some writers exact that the words or circumstances must demonstrate that one advises the evil solely as the le.s.ser evil; others, however, consider it suflicient that such be the intention, even when not made mani- fest, of the jxTsoii who gives the advice. Nevertheless, if a man had decided to do an injury to a certain per- son one could not — unless in exceptional circumstances — induce him to do a lesser injury to any other person.
(2) He is guilty of the sin of scandal who without positively pledging or inducing to sin nevertheless per- forms an act evil in itself which will be an occasion of sin to another. The same must be said when the act is evil only in appearance, unless there be sufficient reason to act and to permit the fault of another. Thus those who blaspheme before others when they foresee that their example will cause the latter to blaspheme are guilty of scandal; so also those who attack rehgion or morals, hold immoral conversation, sing immoral .songs or (by their behaviour, dress, writ- ings etc.) offend against the laws of decency and modesty, when they foresee, as is usual, that those who see, hear, or read will be impelled to sin. (.3) To pre- vent another s sin one may even be bound to forego an act which is sinful neither in it.self nor in appearance, but which is nevertheless the occasion of sin to an- other, unless t here be sufficient reason to act otherwise. It has already been shown that when there is a just cause we may ask of another a thing which he can do without sin although we may foresee that he will not do it without fault. Likewise we are not bound to be disturbed by pharisaical scandal, which may follow an
