RICHTER
52
RIENZI
social, such as Knights of Columbus, Hibernians, and
flourishing local societies. Of parishes there are one
each of Germans, Italians, and Bohemians, and 4 for
the coloured people. Cathohc population. 41,000.
The causes of growth are principally natural increase
and conversions, there being little Catholic immigra-
tion into the diocese.
M.\GRi, The Catholic Church in the City and Diocese of Richmond (Richmond, Virpinia, 1906); Parke. Catholic Missions in Vir- ginia (Richmond. 1S50): Keilet, Memoranda (Norfolk. Virginia, 1S74); Proceedings of the Catholic Benevolent Union (Norfolk. 1S75); The Metropolitan Catholic Almanac (Baltimore. 1841-61); Caiholif Almanac and Directory (New York. 1S65-95); Catholic Directory (Milwaukee, 1S95-9): Official Catholic Directory (Mil- waukee. 1900-11); Hughes. The History of the Society of Jesus tn Xorth America, Colonial and Federal (London. 1907); Shea. The History of the Catholic Church in the United States (Akron. Ohio, 1890): foreign references cited by Shea (I, bk. II, i, 106, 107, 149, 150); Navarette, Real Cedula que coniiene el asiento capitulado con Lucas Vdsquez de Ayll6n; Coleccion de Viages y Descubrimientos (Madrid, 1S29), ii, 153, 156; Fernandez. His- taria Eclesiastica de Xuestros Tiempos (Toledo, 1611); QuiROS, Letter of IS Sept., 1570; Rogel. Letter of 9 Dec. 1520; Barcia, Ensaj/o CronoUgico, 142-6; Tanner. Societas Militaris, 447-51.
F. Joseph Magri.
Richter, Hexry Joseph. See Grand Rapids, Diocese of.
Ricoldo da Monte di Croce (Pennini), b. at Florence about 1243; d. there 31 October, 1320. After studying in various great European schools, he became a Dominican, 12G7; was a professor in several convents of Tuscany (1272-88), made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1288), and then travelled for many j-ears as a missionary in western Asia, having his chief headquarters at Bagdad. He returned to Florence before 1302, and was chosen to high offices in his order. His " Itinerarium " (written about 1288-91; publi-shed in the original Latin at Leipzig, 1864; in Italian at Florence, 1793; in French at Paris, 1877) was intended as a guide-book for missionaries, and is an interesting description of the Oriental countries visited by him. The "Epistolaj de Perditione Ac- conis" are five letters in the form of lamentations over the fall of Ptolemais (written about 1292, pub- lished at Paris, 1884). Ricoldo's best known work is the "Contra Legem Sarracenorum", written at Bag- daxi, which has been ver>' popular as a polemical source against Mohammedanism, and has been often edited rfirst publishr-d at Seville, 1.500). The "Chris- tiana; Fidei Confessio facta Sarracenis" (printed at Ba.slc, 1.543) is attributed to Ricoldo, and was prob- ably wTitten about the same time as the above men- tioned works. Other works are: "Contra errores Judaeorum" (MS. at Florence); "Libellus contra nations orientales" (MSS. at Florence and Paris); "Contra Sarracenos et Alcoranum" (MS. at Paris); "De variLs religionibus" (MS. at Turin). Very prob- ably the la«t three works were written after his return to Europe. Ricoldo is also known to have written two thffjlogical works — a defence of the doctrines of St. Thomas (in collaboration with John of Pistoia, about 12H.5J and a commentary on the "Libri sen- tentiarum" (before 1288.) Ricoldo began a transla- tion of the Koran about 1290, but it is not known whether this work was complete<l.
.Mam/ovnet in Rerue fiiblu,ue (189.3), 44-fil, 182-202, .584- 607; i:rHAKD-<^*Tir. .Scrip*. Cjrd. Prmd., I. .506; Todron. Hint. tUi Hommtt i«u». de I'ordrt de St. Dom., I, 769-63; Murrat, IHacotervet and Travel* in Alia, I. 197.
J. A. McHuoH.
Rlel, Ixitis. See Saskatchewan and Alberta.
Riemenschneider, Tii-lma.nn, one of the most irnjxjrtant of Irankish sculptors, b. at Osterode am Harz in or afUr 1400; d. at WUrzburg, 1.531. In 1483 he wa« aflmittr;d into the Guild of St. Luke at Wijrzburg, where he worked until his death. In the tombhtone of the liitter von Grumbach he still ad- heres to the Gothic style, but in his works for the Marienkam-llf; at Wlirzburg he adopts the Renais- Bancc style, while retaining rerniniscences of earlier
art. For the south entrance he carved, besides an
annunciation and a representation of Christ as a
gardener, the afterwards renowned statues of Adam
and Eve, the heads of which are of special importance.
There also he showed his gift of depicting character
in the more than life-size statues of Christ, the Bap-
tist, and the Twelve Apostles for the buttresses.
Elsewhere indeed we seek in vain for the merits of
rounded sculpture. He had a special talent for the
noble representation of female saints (cf . for example,
Sts. Dorothea and Margareta in the same chapel,
and the Madonna in the Miinsterkirche). A small
Madonna (now in the nuniicipal museum at Frank-
fort) is perfect both in expression and drapery. Be-
sides other works for the above-mentioned churches
and a relief with the "\'ierzehn Nothelfer" for the
hospital (St. Burkhard), he carved for the cathedral
of Wiirzburg a tabernacle reaching to the ceiling,
two episcopal tombs, and a colossal cross — all rec-
ognized as excellent worlcs by those familiar with the
peculiar style of the master. Riemenschneider's
masterpiece is the tomb of Emperor Henry II in the
Cathedral of Bamberg; the recumbent forms of the
emperor and his spouse are ideal, while the sides of
the tomb are adorned with fine scenes from their
lives. The figures instinct with life, the drapery,
and the expression of sentiment, are all of equal
beauty. Among his representations of the "Lament
over Christ", those of Heidingsfeld and Maidbrunn,
in spite of some defects, are notable works; resem-
bling the former, but still more pleasing, is a third
in the university collection. The defects in many of
his works are probably to be referred for the most
part to his numerous apprentices. There are a great
number of other works by him in various places, e. g
a beautiful group of the Crucifixion in the Darm-
stadt Museum, another at Volkach am Main rep-
resenting Our Lady surrounded by a rosary with
scenes from her life in relief and being crowned by
angels playing music — the picture is suspended from
the roof.
There is a second Meistcr Tillmann Riemenschnei- der, who car\ed the Virgin's altar in Creglingen. This bears so clo.se a resemblance to the works of the younger "Master Dill", that recently many be- lieved it should be referred to him; in that case, however, he would have executed one of his best
works as a very young
Bode. Gesch. der dexdsche,
man.
len Plastik (Berlin. 1885); Weber,
Lehen u. Wirken T. Riemenschneitiers (2nd ed.. WUrzburg, 1888)
Tonnies, Leben u. Werke T. Riemenschneider a (Strasburg. 1900)
Adelmann in Walhalla, VI (1910).
G. Gietmann.
Rienzi, Cola di (i. e., Nicola, son of Lorenzo), a
popular tribune and extraordinary historical figure.
His father was an innkeeper at Home in the vicinity
of the Trastevere; though it was belicived that he was
really the son of the l"]mperor Ih^iny VII. His child-
hood and youth were pa,ssed at Anagni, with some
relatives to whom he was sent on the death of his
mother. Though he w:is thus brought up in the coun-
try he succeeded in a(;quiring a knowledge of letters
and of Latin, and devoted him.self to a study of the
history of ancient Rome in the Latin authors, Livy,
Valerius Maximus, Cicero, Sen(!ca, Boethius, and the
poets. When his father di(;d he returned to Rome
and practised as a notary. The sight of the remains
of the former greatness of Rome only increased his
admiration for the city and the men described in his
favourite authors. (Contemplating the condition in
which Rome then was in the absence of the popes,
torn by the factions of the nobles who plundered on
all sides and shed innocent blood, he conceived a de-
sire of restoring the justice and splendour of former
days. His plans became more definite and settled
when his brother was slain in a brawl between the Or-
sini and the Colonna. Thenceforth he thought only
