SHEWBREAD
758
SHINTOISM
accused the bishop of instigating the murder of some
of his followers, and in 14G4 both went to England to
lay their grievances before the king. Edward IV
upheld the earl, who was supjiorted by the Irish jiar-
liament, and acquitted him of all charges of disloyalty
and treasonable relations with the Irish people. But
when in 1467 he was disgraced, and succeeded by the
Earl of Worcester, Bishop Sherwood was suspected
of leading the opposition, which finally brought the
earl to the scaffold. Some years after his rival's
death, Sherwood himself was apjiointed deputy, but
his own rule was so unpopular that in 1477 he was
removed from office, having governed for two j'ears.
He held the Cliancellorship of Ireland from 1475 to
1481. He lies buried at Newtown:! Abbey near Trim.
A7inals of the Four Masters (Dublin, 1S4S-51); Gilbert, Vice- roys of Inland (Dublin, 18(35); Kingsford in Diet. Nat. Biog., Register of St. Tho7nas Abbey, Dublin (R. S. London, 1889) gives text of an agreement between Sherwood and the abbey.
Edwin Burton. Shewbread. See Loaves of Proposition. Shields, James, militaiy officer, b. in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Ireland, ' 12 Dec, 1810; d. at Ot- tumwa, Iowa, 1 June, 1879. He emigrated to the United States in 1826 where he at once proceeded to studv law and began practising at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1832. He was elected to the state Legislature in 1836; became state auditor in 1839 and judge of the state su- preme court in 1843. He was fulfilling his duties as commissioner of the general land-office when war with Mexico was declared, and he was commis- sioned brigadier- general by Presi- dent Polk, 1 July, James Shields 1846. General
From a portrait photograph Shields served
with distinction under Taylor, Wool, and Scott, and gained the brevet of major-general at Cerro Gordo, where he was shot through the lung. He was again severely wounded at Chapultepec, and was mustered out in 1848. The same year he was ap- pointed Governor of the Territory of Oregon, which office he soon resigned to represent Illinois in the United States Senate as a demtjcrat. After the ex- piration of his term he removed to Minnesota and was United States senator from that state from 1858 to 1860, when he removed to California. On the brfaking out of the Civil War, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 19 August, 1861. He f<jught gallantly in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, opening hostihties at Winchester, though severely wounded the preceding day in a preliminary engage- ment. While in command at Port Republic he was decisively beaten by General Jackson and resigned his commi.ssion, 28 March, 1863. He returned to Cali- fornia whence he removed to Carrollton, Mo., when; he continued the practice of law. He subsequently wrved his state as a railroad commissioner and was a member of the I^egislature from 1874-79. He was UniU;d States senator from Missouri at the time of hi.s death. A monument was erec-ted to him in St. Mar>s Cemetery at Carrollton, which was unveiled by Archbishop Glennon on 12 Nov., 1910.
Jarvis Keiley. Shi-koku, one of the four great islands of Japan, has an area of 7022 square miles, not counting the
smaller islands which depend upon it. Its popula-
tion according to the census of 1909 was 3,199,500.
The name Shi-koku signifies "Four Kingdoms", the
island having been divided, from ancient times, into
the foiu- provinces of: Awa, in the east; Samdvi, in the
north-east; Tyo, in the noi-th-west ; and Tosa, in the
south. In 1868 at the Restonition of Japan the
names of these four provinces, as of all others in the
empire, were changed, and the island is now divided
into the four i)refectures of: Tokushima-Ken (for-
merly Awa), Kagawa-Ken (Sanuki), Ehime-Ken
(Tyo), and Ivochi-Ken (Tosa). The proportion of
inhabitants to the square mile for the island is 176; in
the Prefecture of Kagawa it rises to 418, a higher fig-
ure than in any other prefecture of Japan. The cli-
mate is very temperate and salubrious, and the Prov-
ince of Tosa is the only one in the empire where two
crops of rice are grown every j^ear. The coimtry is
very mountainous, rising at some points to 3000 and
4000 feet, and even to 6480 feet at Tshizuchi-Yama in
the Prefecture of Ehime, which is the highest point of
the island. The population is most dense on the sea-
coast. The four prefectures have many good schools,
primary and secondary, normal schools for both sexes,
schools of art, of agriculture, and of commerce; but
there is no university, the public libraries are very
insignificant, and the charitable institutions and social
organizations are embryonic where they are not alto-
gether wanting. There are good roads but no rail-
way, although the project of one has been approved
by the Government for about ten years past. Vari-
ous fines of steamers, making the passage daily in six
hours or little more, connect all the provinces of Shi-
koku with the great ports of Kobe and Osaka. Shi-
koku is the territorial district of the eleventh division
of the army; the bulk of the troops are quartered at
Marugame and Zentsuji (Kagawa-Ken); but in the
three other provincial cai)itals there is a regiment
of about 1500 men. The princii)al cities are: Toku-
shima (Tokushima-Ken), pop. 65,561; Kochi (Kochi
Ken), pop. 39,781; Takamatsu (Kagawa-Ken), pop.
43,489; Matsuyama (Ehime-Ken), i)op. 42,338.
Religion. — The Prefecture-Apostolic of Shi-koku was established by a Decree of Pius X, 28 Feb., 1904, and its administration given to the Spanish Domini- cans of the Province of Smo. Rosario de Filipinas. Before this it had been administered by the Missions Etrangeres of Paris, being regarded as i^art of the Diocese of Osaka, under the jurisdiction of Mgr Jules Chatron, the present bishop. The evangelization of the island began in 1882, when Father M. Plessis, in sj)ite of gr(>at difficulties, founded in the city of Kochi the first chai^el, under the invocation of the Twenty- six Martyrs of Japan. In 1889 and 1898 were founded the residences of Matsuyama and Toku- shima. l'hes(> three st at ions were all that the Domini- cans found when they took charge of the mission in Oct., 1904. Since 1906 there has been a missionary resident at Uwajima, a city of 15,000 inhabitants, in Ehime-Ken; and since 1911 a mi.ssion has been es- tablished at Takamatsu, which is connected with more than five secondary ports. There is an orphan- age for boys, and the confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary is established at Kochi. The official resi- dence of the prefe(!t Apostolic, the Very Rev. Jo.s<; M„ Alvarez (appointed 2 Oct., 1904), is the city of To- kushima. The statistics of the mission in l')ll were: Dominican missionaries, 6; Christ iaiis, 3!) I; baptisms, 86; communion.s, 889; continiiations, 17; marriages, 4; interments, 6. The inhabit ants of Shi-koku jjrofess various forms of Buddhism; some fi'w j)rof('ss Siiinto- ism. Both of these creeds are constantly falling into decay, and as it is very difficult to introduce! Christi- anity, religious indifference gains ground among the youth of Japan.
Jos6 M. Alvarez.
Shintoism. See Japan.
