SOCIETY
110
SOCIETY
Alvares; Amarus Vaz; Juan de Majorga; Alfonso de
Vaena; Antonio Fernandes; Stefano Zuriare; Pedro
Fontoura; Gregorio Scrivano; Juan de Zafra; Juan de
Baeza; Blasio Ribeiro; Joao Fernandes; Simon Acosta
(lay brothers); the Japanese martyrs: John Baptist
Machado, 1617; Sebastian Chimura, 1622; Camillo
Costanzo, 1622; Charles Spinola, 1622; Paul Navarro,
1622; Jerome de Angelis, 1623; Didacus Carvalho,
1624; Michael Carvalho, 1624; Francisco Pacheco and
his companions Baltasar de Torres and Giovanni
Battista Zola, 1626; Thomas Tzugi, 1627; Anthony
Ixida, 1632 (priests); Augustine Ota, 1622; Gonzalvus
Fusai and his companions, Anthony Chiuni, Peter
Sampo, Michael Xumpo, Louis Cavara, John Chin-
gocu, Thomas Acafoxi, 1622; Denis Fugixima and
Peter Onizuchi (companions of Bl. Paul Navarro),
1622; Simon Jempo (companion of Bl. Jerome de
Angelis), 1623; Vincent Caun and his companions:
Peter Rinxei, Paul Chinsuche, John Chinsaco; Mich-
ael Toz6, 1626; Michael Nacaxima, 162S (scholastics);
Leonard Chimura, 1619; Ambrosio Fernandes, 1620;
Caspar Sandamatzu (companion of Bl. Francis
Pacheco, 1626), lay brothers; the English martyrs:
Thomas Woodhouse, 1573; and John Nelson, Ed-
mund Campion, Alexander Briant (qq. v.); Thomas
Cottam, 15S2 (priests) ; the martyrs of Cuncolim (q. v.) :
Rudol]5h Acquaviva; Alfonso Pacheco; Pietro Bcrno;
Antonio Francisco (priests); and Francisco Aranha,
1.5S3 (lay brother); the Hungarian martjTs: ISIelchior
Grodecz and Stephen Pongracz, 7 Sept., 1619.
Venerables. — The venerables number fifty and include, besides those whose biographies have been given separately (see Index vol.), Claude de La Col- ombiere (1641-82), Apostle of the devotion to the Sacred Heart; Nicholas Lancicius (1574-16.53), author of "Gloria Ignatiana" and many spiritual works, and, with Orlandini, of '"Historia Societatis Jesu"; Julien Maunoir (1606-83), Apostle of Brittany.
Though the Jesuits, in accordance with their rules, do not accept ecclesiastical dignities, the popes at times have raised some of their numbers to the rank of cardinal, as Cardinals BeUarmine, Franze- Un, de Lugo, Mai, Mazzella, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Pazmdny, Tarquini, Toledo, Tolomei (qq. v.); also Cardinals Casimir V, King of Poland, created 1647; Alvaro Cienfuegos (1657-1739), created 1720; Johann Eberhard Nidhard (1607-81), created 1675; Giam- battista Salerno (1670-1729), created 1709; Andreas Stcinhuber (1825-1907), created 1893; and Louis Billot (b. 1846), created 27 Nov., 1911.
As reference is made in most of the articles on members of the Society to Sommervogel's monu- mental "Bibliotheque de la Compagnie de Jesus" a brief account of its author is given here. Carlos, fourth son of Marie-Maximilien-Joseph Sommer- vogel and Hortense Blanchard, was born on 8 Jan., 1834, at Strasburg, Alsace, and died in Paris on 4 May, 1902. After studying at the lycee of Strasburg, Carlos entered the Jesuit novitiate at Issenheim, Alsace, 2 Feb., 1853, and was sent later to Saint-Acheul, Amiens, to complete his literary studies. In 1856 he was appointed assistant prefect of disciphne and sub-librarian in the College of the Immaculate Conception, Rue Vaugirard, Paris. Here he discovered his literary vocation. The "Bibliotheque" of PP. Augustin and Aloys de Backer was then in course of publication, and Sommervogel, noting in it occasional errors and omissions, made a systematic examination of the whole work. Four years later P. Aug. de Backer, seeing his list of adden- da and errata, a MS. of SCO pages containing over 10,000 entries, obtained leave to make use of it. Som- nicrvogel cimliiiued at Hue Vaugirard till 1S65, re- viewing liis course of philoso)>hy meanwliile. He then studied theology at Amiens, where he was ordained in Sept., 1866. From 1867 till 1879 he was on the staff of the "Etudes", being managing editor from 1871 till
1879. During the Franco-German War he served
as chaplain in Faidherbe's army, and was decorated
in 1871 with a bronze medal for his self-sacrifice.
P. de Backer in the revised edition of his "Bibho- theque" (1869-76) gave Sommervogel's name as co-author, and deservedly, for the vast improvement in the work was in no small measure due to the latter's contributions. From 1880 till 1882 P. Sommervogel was assistant to his father provincial. Before 1882 he had never had any special opportunity of pursuing his favourite study; all his bibliographical work had been done in his spare moments. In 1884 he pubUshed his " Dictionnaire des ouvrages ano- nymes et pseudonymes publics par des religieux de la Compagnie de Jesus". In 1885 he was appointed successor to the PP. de Backer and went to Louvain. He determined to recast and enlarge their work and after five years issued the first volume of the fii-st part (Brussels and Paris, 1890); by 1900 the ninth volume had appeared; the tenth, an index of the first nine, which comprised the bibliograplrlcal part of the "Bibliotheque" was unfinished at the time of his death but has since been completed by P. Bliard, with a biographical notice by P. Brucker, from which these details had been drawn. P. Sommervogel had intended to compile a second, or historical, part of his work, which was to be a revision of Carayon's " Bibliographie historique". He was a man of exemplary virtue, giving freely to all the fruit of his devoted labours and content to lead for years a busy obscure hfe to which duty called him, until his superiors directed him to devote liiniself to his favour- ite study during the last fifteen years of his life. He re-edited a number of works by old writers of the Society and, in addition to his articles in the "Etudes", wrote: "Table mcthodique des M ^moires de Trevoux " (3 vols., Paris, 1864-5); "Bibliotheca Mariana de la Comp. de Je.sus" (Paris, 1885); "Moniteur biblio- graphique de la Comp. de Jesus" (Paris, 1894-1901).
Men-ologies, Biographies. — Alegambe, Mortes iUustres et gesta corum de Soc. Jesu qui in odium fidei necati sunt (Rome, 1657) ; Idem, Heroes et victima: charitatis (Rome. 16.^S) : Drews, Fasti Soc. Jesu (Braxinsberg, 1728): Chandlery. Fasti breviores Soc, Jesu (London, 1910); Guilhermt, Mtuoh>{je d^ la comp. de J.: Portugal (Paris. 1S67) ; France (Paris, 1S'.I2 1 : Itnhe ; I'aris. 1893) : Gernmnie (Paris, 189S) ; KIacleod, A/«io/. /.r (A, Kn./hxh Assistancy (London); Boero, Menologio (Rome, l'^* Si hivr. Historio- graphie Soc. Jesu (Ratisbon, 1851); Nu t i mi i t > , i biros varones de la comp.de J. (Madrid, 1643); PATRUiNAM. M, !,,>i. d'alcuni re- ligiosi delta comp. di G. (Venice, 1730); TanaLK, .Sul-. Jesu aposto- lorum imitatrix (Prague, 1694) ; Idem, Soc. Jesu usque ad mortem militans (Prague, 1675) ; Thoelen, Menol. der deutschen Ordens- propinz (Roermond, 1901). Bibliographies of particular persons, on a larger scale than can be given here, will be found under the separate articles devoted to them. (See also Index volume.) The best-arranged historical bibliography is that of Car.vyox, Bibliographie de la compagnie de Jesus (Paris. 1864), See also Southwell, Bibl. scriptorum Sor. Je.^iis (Rome. 1676); DE Backer, Bibliothique des ecrit. de la comp. ile J'.<us (l.ifge. 1853); Som- mervogel, Bibl. des ecriv. de la eojup. d-r ./- vii.s- { 10 vols., Brussels, 1890-1910) ;HnnTER, Nomenclalor hliranu.^ (Innsbruck, 1892-9); Delplace, .Acta S. Sedis in causa Sue. Jesu (Florence, 1887-95); Hamy, Iconographie de la comp. de Jesus (Paris, 1875) ; Idem, Galerie illustree de la comp. de J. (8 vols., Paris, 1893) ; de Uri- ARTE, Catdl. razonado de obras . . . de autores de la comp. de Jcsrls (Madrid, 1904).
Jesuit Periodicals. — A/r'/iM"-- ,/, /. i.u/j- (Trevoux and Paris. 1701-67, 265 vols.), T..' > l>v Sommervogel
(3 vols., Paris, l,8fi4-6.il; Cinli': : ■ I: .iie. 1850); Etudes
hist., litt.. et relia. U'ririn. lS.-,4 i : / ,-/fs de thfol., inter-
mittent, 18S0-S: r.r^h ■ laris. 1901); Prfcis
historiques (Rni I I - _ i - (Brussels, 1894),
in 1899 it b. , , , l' ,', .Month (London,
1864), huiex (,- ',' i-Laacb (Freiburg,
1871), began a- / / i ^' ' I ;iin'xion with this is
issued a series ..; ; I '■ r 1. 187IS6; Reg-
ister II, ISSC- : • I I :^ - ::. des questions his-
toriques (.hriisx] - , i^;,' / ' ' _y (General Review,
Cracow); Zeitsch. fur kmh. ri,,.-l. ( Innsl.rii.-k, 1876); Razdn u Fe (Madrid, 1901). Besides the abo\e, which deal with topics of all sorts, there are a host of minor prriodicals devoted to special Bubjecta; scientific, liturgical, social, college, mission, and paro- chial magazines are more numerous still. The Messenger of the Sacred Heart has editions for man>- countries and in numerous languages. It is the organ of the .ipostleshipof Prayer; most of these editions are edited by members of the Society; .imcrica (New York, 1909). (See also Bollandists; Ratio STrDioRUM; Retreats; Spiritdal Exercises of Saint Ignatius; Theatre.) J. H. PoiXEN.
