STATES
2G7
STATES
15-20 March, 1860, which resulted unanimously in
favour of annexation to Sardinia. Napoloou hiinsflf
had lialf dcsinnl this deceptive expedient, by means
of which he haii himself once risen 1o jiower, in onler
that he miglit have an excuse for lettinj; mailers take
their own course. By the same expedient he now had
voted to him the indemnity, stipulated in advance,
for his interference in Italy, namely Savoy and Nice,
which by a popular vote declared themselves for
France. The pope did not suffer the annexation of
the legations quietly. He excommunicated Victor
Emmanuel and those who had assisted him. At the
same time he issued a call for the formation of a
volunteer army, which was joined by many of the
French legitimists. The command of the army was
undertaken by a bitter enemy of Napoleon, General
Lamoriciere, who had distinguished himself in Al-
geria. In a very short time the volunteer army saw
active service. Garibaldi with 1000 armed insur-
gents had come from Genoa and landed at Marsala
in May, 1860, had revolutionized Sicily, and was
marching against Naples. The Government at
Turin, which had at first allowed Garibaldi to do as
he pleased, now saw with displeasure the progress
of the Republicans, and feared that these might
anticipate it at Rome and Naples. It sent an army
to the south. Napoleon, whose consent Cavour had
sought for the foreseen clash with the pope, sent word
to Turin "Fate presto" (act quicklj') and crossed to
Algeria that he might not see what was going on.
At Castelfidardo, not far from Ancona, the Piedmon-
tese army met the papal forces under Lamoriciere,
and Lamoriciere was defeated on 18 September, 1860.
The Piedmontese occupied the Marches, and then
advanced into the Kingdom of Naples. By a vote
of the inhabitants on 21 September the population
was then allowed to declare itself in favour of annex-
ation to Sardinia. King Francis II of Naples after
a brave defence was forced to capitulate at Gaeta
on 13 February, 1861, and retired to Rome. All the
annexed provinces sent representatives to the Turin
Parliament, and Victor Emmanuel II was here pro-
claimed King of Italy on 13 March, 1861. Rome and
Venetia alone were still to be won. Venetia was
added to Italy in 1866 as the result of the victories
of its ally, Prussia.
At last Rome was also to follow. Napoleon had at the end of December, 1866, withdrawn the small French garrison from Rome. It is true indeed that a foreign legion, composed for the most part of French Boldiers and officers, was formed at Antibes to under- take the protection of Rome, but its position was nevertheless very critical. Garibaldi in the autumn of 1867 invaded the States of the Church with his insurgents. Then Napoleon once more sent a force from Toulon, which together with the papal army repulsed the forces of Garibaldi near Mentana, north- east of Rome on 3 November, 1867. The French garri.son after this remained in Rome, since the Parisian Government had to yield to the wishes of the Catholics of France. Not until 20 July, 1870, after the Franco-German War had broken out, were the troops withdrawn. After Napoleon had been taken prisoner at Sedan, Italy, which had removed its capital to Florence in 1865, sent troops against Rome under Cadorna, and these on 20 September, 1870, entered the city through the breach at the Porta Pia. A vote, which declared in favour of annexation to Turin, was here also to give approval to the occu- pation. Plus IX excommunicated all participants in and authors of the occupation of the States of the Church. All Catholics condemned the action of Italy. To protect itself against the remonstrances, Italy on 13 May, 1871, issued the so-called law of the Papal Guarantees (see Guarantees, Law of), which was to secure to the pope his sovereignty, the inviolability of his person, as well as the freedom
of the conclave and of the oecumenical councils. In
addition to this a yearly pension of 3,225,000 francs
was voted to him. The Vatican, the Lateran, and
tlie (■(luiilry-seat Castel Gandolfo were declared ex-
tra-territorial. But Pius IX, to maintain his protests
against the seizure of the States of the Church,
refused to accept the law, and shut himself up in
the Vatican.
The Roman question remains unsettled to the present day, since its solution by Italy has thus far been absolutely one-sided, besides having been brought about by violence. Without heeding the protests of the pope, Rome was declared the capital of Italy on 30 June, 1871. The radical elements, who were hostile to the Church and who had con- tributed so much to the unification of Italy, continued for the future also to hold the ujjper hand. Pope Pius IX by the Decree "Nonexpedit" of 29 February, 1868, had forbidden the Italian Catholics to partici- pate in the political life and especially in the election of representatives of the Kingdom of Italy. Only in very recent years has a gradual tendency to a change of relations become noticeable. Although Pius X, because of the principle involved, adheres to the "Non expedit", he permits the participation of Catholics in administrative elections (municipal and provincial elections), and since the Encyclical "Certum Consihum" of 11 June, 1905, in certain cases on the recommendation of the bishop also participation in the parliamentary elections. Since that time the Catholics have begun to take part in the political life of Italy (1909: 22 representatives) and to exert an influence which we hope will redound to the welfare of the Chiu-ch and of Italy.
General Works. — Theiner, Codex diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis (3 vola., Rome, 1861) ; Reumont, Gesck. der Stadt Horn (3 vols.. Berlin, 1867 — ) ; Gregohovius, Gesch, der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter (8 vols., 4th ed., Stuttgart. 1886 — ); Brosch, Gesch. des Kirchenstaates, I (Gotha, 1S80), dealing with the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, II (1882), extending from 1700 to 1870; Sugenheim. Gesch. der Entstehuiig u. Aua- bildung des Kirchenstaates (Leipzig, 1S54).
Special Works to the First and Second Periods. — Hart- MANN. Geschuhle IlaHens im Mitlclalter, III (Gotha. 1908-11); FiCKER, Forschungen zur Reichs- u. Rechtsgesch. Italiens (4 vols., Innsbruck, 1868-74) ; Niehces, Ge^ch. des Verhdllnisses zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum im MUldaltcr, I (2 vols.. 2nd ed.. Miinster, 1877), 87; Gieskbrecht. (,>,,<■/,. der deutschen Kai^rr-nl (H vols.. Leipzig, 1881-'.'-): Simscx, Jahrbilcher des fr.i^.l i .',,-, lunhi-s untcr Ludwig d. FrnmfU' u ( li vols., Leipzig, 187 1 7(1 , ih \i\ii,t,K, Gesch. des oslfr.inki.^rl., „ Rriches (2nd ed.. :i \,.l-, l.ripzig. 1887 — ); DoPFiEL. Kiu.-^crlum u. Papsttum uittcr >/.« h,uvlu,grrn (Freiburg, 1S89); Sickel. Die Vertrdge der Fdpste nut den KaroUngern und das neue Kaisertum in Deutsche Zeitschr. fUr Geschichtsirissenschafl (1894-95); Idem, Alberich II und der Kirchenstaat in Mitteil. des Instiluts /lir bsterreich. Geschichts- forschung, XXIII (1902); Scheffer-Boichorst, Zu den Math- ildischen Schenknngen in Mitt, des Instituisfur dsterr. Geschicfitsfor- schung. IX(1SS8); Overmann, Grdfin Mathilde von Tuscien, ihre Besitzungen: Gesch. ihres Gules von 1 1 15-1330 (Innsbruck. 1895); LncHAlRE, Innocent III, Rome et V Italic (2nd ed., Paris, 190B); WiNKELMANN, Philipp II. Schwaben u. Olio IV (2 vols., Leipzig, 1873-78); Idem, Kaiser Friedrich II (2 vols., Leipzig, 1889-97).
To the Third and Fourth Periods. — Pastor, Gesch. der Pdpste seit dem Ausgange des Mittelalters (5 vols.. Freiburg, 1886- 1909) : tr. Antrobus, Hist, of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, I (St. Louis, 1902—); Crfiohton, History of the Papacy during the Reformation (5 vols , liuitlnii, 1KS2-94; new ed., 1901): Ranke, Die rOmischen For ' ' ' '~tni /^ Jahr-
hunderten (3 vols.. 10th ed., Leipzig, 1 ,1 i : /'- r Kirchen- staat unter Klemens F (Berlin, 1907); W - i ,i, /> \lhornoz,der S BegrUnder des Kirchenstaates (Paderlj„iii, l>;ij,, h ii.ippini, La prima legazione del card. Albornoz in halm in Studi storici, V (Rome. 1896): Idem, La riconquista dello stato delta chiesa per opera di Egidio Albornoz in Studi storici, VI. VIII (Rome. 1897, 1899); CKhlsSE.CostUuzionedel patrimonio di S. Pictro in Tuscia net secolo XlVin Archivo storico delta societa Romana di storia patria (1892) ; Brosch. Papst Julius II und die GrUndung des Kirchen- ataales (Gotha. 1878).
To the Fifth Period. — NOrnberoer, Papsttum u. Kirchen- stnnl im 19. Jahrh. (3 vols., Mainz. 1897-1900) ; HehoenrOther, Der Kirchewftaat seit der franzdsischen Revolution (Freiburg, 1860) ; Ramondini, L' Italia durante la dominazione francese (Naples, 18S2); Baldi. Storia delta rivoluzione italiana delta fudlazione del re Giovacchino Murat ai moli del SI e 48 (Florence, 1908); Rinieri. // congresso di Vienna e la Santa Sede (Turin, 1904); Idem. I,a sovranitA del Papa e i .lovrani di tuUa V Europa net 18U in Civilla rati., 18th series, V (1902) : Faroes. Le pouvoir temporet ait d^hut du pontifical de Gr^goire XVI d'apr^s la correspondance de ,'ilendhal in Revue historique. XLII (Paris, 1890); Farini. Lo slala romano dal 1814 ai 1840 (4 vols., 3rd ed., Florence, 1853);
