20
SIOUX
Ojibwa on the eastern frontier broke out again with
greater fury than ever. In a battle near the present
Stillwater, Minn., in June, 1839, some 50 Ojibwa were
slain and .shortly afterward a Sioux raiding party
surprised an t)jibwa camp in the absence of the war-
riors and brought away 91 scalps. In 1851 the var-
ious Santee bands sold all their remaining lands in
Minnesota and Iowa, excepting a twenty-mile strip
along the upper Minnesota River. Although there
were then four missions among the Santee, the major-
ity of the Indians were reported to have "an invete-
rate hatred" of Christianity. In March, 1857, on
some trifling provocation, a small band of renegade
Santee, under an outlawed chief, Inkpaduta, "Scar-
let Point," attacked the scattered settlements about
risons and the general unrest consequent upon the
Civil War also encouraged to revolt. The trouble
began 2 August with an attack upon the agency store-
house at Redwood, where five thousand Indians were
awaiting the distribution of the delayed annuity
supplies. The troops were overpowered and the
commissary goods seized, but no other damage
attempted. On 17 Aug. a small party of hunters,
being refused food at a settler's cabin, massacred the
family and fled with the news to the camp of Little
Crow, whore a general massacre of all the whites and
Christian Indians was at once resolved upon. Within
a week almost every farm cabin and small settle-
ment in Southern Minnesota and along the adjoining
border was wiped out of existence and most of the
COUNTRY OF THE SIOUX INDIANS
As defliied by Treaties in 1825,
with Sloiix RescrvudoDS ai EsblinE in 1S90 1 feJ;>Si Sioux Territory | | Ojibwa. Territory •itory conquered from the Sioux btj
the Ojibwa i
Spirit Lake, on the Iowa-Minnesota border, burning
houses, massacring about fifty persons, and carrying
off several women, two of whom were killed later,
the others being rescued by the Christian Indians.
Inkpaduta escaped to take an active part in all the
Sioux troubles for twenty years thereafter. In
1858 the Yankton Sioux sold all their lands in South
Dakota, excepting the present Yankton reservation.
The famous pipeslone quarry in south-western Minne-
sota, whence the Sioux for ages had procured the red
stone from which their pipes were carved, was also
permanently reserved to this Indian purpose. In
1860 the first Episcopalian work was begun
among the (Santee) Sioux by Rev. Samuel D. Hin-
nian.
In 1862 occurred the great "Minnesota outbreak" and massacre, in^■olvinR nearly all the Santee bands, brought about by di.s.<alisfaotion at the confiscation of a large proportion of the treaty funds to satisfy traders' claims, and aggravated by a long delay in the annuity issue. The weakening of the local gar-
inhabitants massacred, in many cases with devilish
barbarities, excepting such as could escape to Fort
Ridgely at the lower end of the reservation. The mis-
sionaries were saved by the faithful heroism of the
Christian Indians, who, as in 1857, stood loyally by
the Government. Determined attacks were made
under Little Crow upon Fort Ridgely (20-21 August)
and New Ulm (22 August), the latter defended by a
strong volunteer force under Judge Charles Flandrau.
Both attacks were finally repulsed. On 2 Sept. a
force of 1.500 regulars and volunteers imder Colonel
(afterwards General) H. H. Sibley defeated the hos-
tiles at Birch Coulee and again on 23 September at
Wood Lake. Most of the hostiles now surrendered,
the rest fleeing in small bands beyond the reach of
pursuit. Three hundred prisoners were condemned
to death by court martial, but the number was cut
down by President Lincoln to thirty-eight, who were
hanged at Mankato, 26 December, 1862. They were
attended by Revs. Riggs and Williamson and by
Father Ravoux, but although the other missionaries
