SIPIBO
24
SIPIBO
spirit world. Among animals the buffalo was natu-
rally held in highest veneration. Fairies and strange
monsters, both good and bad, were everywhere,
usually invisible, but sometimes revealing them-
selves in warning portent. Dreams were held as
direct revelations of the supernatural. Taboos,
fasting, and sacrifices, including voluntarj' torture,
were frequent. Among the great ceremonials the
annual sun dance was the most important, on which
occasion the principal performers danced at short
intervals for four days and nights, without food,
drink, or sleep, undergoing at the same time painful
bodily laceration, either as a propitiation or in ful-
filment of a thanksgiving vow. The several warrior
orders and various secret societies each had their
special dance, and for young girls there was a puberty
ceremony. (For cults and home life see works of
Dorsey and Eastman quoted in bibUography below.)
In physique, intellect, morality, and general manli-
ness the Siou.x rated among the finest of the Plains
tribes. Under the newer conditions the majority
are now fairly industrious and successful farmers and
stock-raisers.
Language and Literature. — The Sioux language is euphonious, sonorous, and flexible, and possesses a more abundant native literature than that of anj- other tribe within the United States.with the possible exception of the Cherokee. By means of an alphabet system devised by the early Presbyterian mission- aries, nearly aU of the men can read and write their own language. The printed literature includes religious works, school textbooks, grammars, and dictionaries, miscellaneous publications, and three current mission journals. Catholic, as already noted, Presbyterian, and Episcopal, aU three entii-ely in Sioux. The earliest publication was a spelling-book by Rev. J. D. Stevens in 1836. In linguistics the principal is the "Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language", by Rev. S. R. Riggs, published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, in 1852, and rcpubhshed in part, with editing bj' Dorsey, by the Bin-eau of Am. Ethnology, Washington, in 1892-^.
PopuL.iTiON. — Contrary to the usual rule with Indian tribes, the Sioux have not only held their own since the advent of the whites, but have appar- ently slightly increased. This increase, however, is due largely to incorporation of captives and intermarriage of whites. We have no reliable estimates for the whole tribe before 1849, when Governor Ramsey gave them "not over 20,000", while admitting that some resident authorities gave them 40,000 or more. Riggs in 1851 gives them about 25,000, but under- estimates the western (Teton) bands. By official census of 1910 they number altogether 28,618 souls, including all mixed-bloods, distributed as follows: Minnesota, scattered, about 929; Nebraska, Santee agency, 1155; North Dakota, Devil's Lake (Fort Totten) agency, 986; Standing Rock agency, 3454; South Dakota, Flandreau agency, 275, Lower Brul<5, 469, Crow Creek, 997, Yankton, 1753, Sisseton, 1994, Cheyenne River, 2590, Rosebud, 5096, Pine Ridge,675S. Canada: BirdtaU, Oak Lake, Oak River, Turtle Mountain, Portage La Prairie (Manitoba), 613; Wahspaton, Standing Buffalo, Moosejaw, Moose Woods (Sask.), 455. Those in Canada are chiefly descendants of refugees from the United States in 1862 and 1876.
Bry.^nt and Murch, Hist, of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Iniliajis (St. Pptor, 1S72) ; Bureau Cath. Ind. Missio.ns. Annual Refiirls ii/llir Diriclor fWa,shington) ; Annual Reports of the De pi . of Ind. Affnirx (Ottawa. Canada); Carver. Travels through the Interior Paris of X. Am. (1766-8) (London, 1778. and later editions) ; Catlin. Manners, Customs and Condition of the N. Am. Inds. (London. 1841, and later editions); Chittenden, Am. Fur Trade (New York, 1902); Chittende.v and Richardson, Life, Letters and Travels of Fr. Pierre- Jean De Smet, (New York. 1905) ; Commissioner or Ind. Affairs. Annual Reports (Washington); Condition of the Indian Tribes, Report of Joint Special Committee (Wa.shington, 1867); Dorsey, Study of Siouan Cults, in lllh Rept. Bur. Am. Eth. (Washington. 1894); Eastman, Indian
Boi/hood (New York, 1902); Ide.m, Wiguam Evenings (Boston,
1909); Finerty. Warpath and Bimuac (Chicago. 1890); Hat-
den, Conts. to the Ethnography and Philology of the Ind, Tribes
of the Missouri Valley in Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.. n. s., XII (Phil-
adelphia, 1862) ; Hennepin, Description de la Louisiane (Paris,
1683), tr. Shea (New York, 1880); Hinman and Welsh, Journal
of the Rev. S. D. Hinman (Philadelphia. 1869); Jesuit Relations,
ed. Thwaites, 73 vols., especially OUawa and Illinois. I^-LXXI
(Cleveland. 1896-1901); Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties,
ed. Kappler. (Washington. 1903-4); Keating, Expedition
(Long's) to the Sources of St. Peter's River (Philadelphia, 1824.
and later editions) ; Lewis and Clare, Original Journals of the
Expedition of 1804-e,ed. Thwaites, S vols. (New York, 1904-5,
numerous other editions more or less complete, the first official
report being contained in the Message from the President, Wash-
ington, 1806) ; McGee, Siouan Indians in ISth Rept. Bur. Am.
Ethnology (Washington, 1S97) ; McKenney and Hall, Hist.
Ind. Tribes of North Am. (Philadelphia, 1854, and other edi-
tions); McLaughun, My Friend the huiian (Boston, 1910);
Mallery, Pictographs of the N. Am. Indians in Jtth Repl. Bur.
Am. Ethnology (Washington, 1S86) ; Idem, Picture Writing o]
the Am. Inds. in lOlh Rept. Bur. Am. Ethnology (Washington,
1893) ; Margrt, Dicouvertes et etablissements des FranQais
(6 vols., Paris, 1879-86); M.iximiuan, Prince of Wied, Travels
in the Interior of N. Am. (London, 1S43; original German ed.
2 vols., Cobleni. 1839-41); Miles. Personal Recollections (Chi-
cago, 1896); Minnesota Hist. .S'oc Colls. (1872-1905); MooxET,
Siouan Tribes of the East, Bull. 12, Bureau Am. Ethnology (Wash-
ington, 1895; Idem, The Ghost Dance Religion and Sioux Out-
break of 1890 in nth Rept. Bur. Am. Ethnology. 11 (Washington.
1896); Neill, Hist, of Minnesota (Philadelphia, 1858); New
York, Documents Relating to the Colonial Hist, of (15 vols.,
Albany, 1853-87) Nicollet,, Report on . . . Upper Mississippi
(SeiMte Doc.) (Washington, 1843); North Dakota Hist. Soc.
Colls. (2 vols., Bismarck, 1906-8) ; Parkman, Oregon Trail (New
York. 1849. and later editions); Perrin du Lac. Voyages dans
les deux Louisianes, 1801-S (Paris and Lyons. 1805); Pike, Expe-
dition to the Sources of the Missis.'^ippi (Philadelphia, 1810);
Pilling, Bibl. of the Siouan Languages, Bidl.5, Bur. Am. Ethnol-
ogy (Washington, 1887); Poole, Among the Sioux of Dakota
(New York, 1881); Ramsey, Report on Sioux in Rept, Comsner.
Ind. Affairs far 1849 (Washington, 1850); Ravoux, Reminis-
cences, Memoirs and Lectures (St. Paul, 1890); Riggs, The Dakota
Language in Colls. Minn. Hist. Soc, I (St. Paul, 1851, reprint
,St. Paul, 1872) ; Idem, Grammar and Diet, of the Dakota Lan-
guage: Smithsonian Contributions, IV (Washington, 1852); Idem,
Tahkoo Wahkan, err the Gospel among the Dakotas (Boston, 1869);
Idem, Mary and I: Forty Years with the Sioiix (Chicago, 1880);
Robinson, Hist, of the Sioux Indians in Colls. South Dakota
Hist. Soc, II (Aberdeen. S.D., 1904); Royce and Thomas,
Indian Land Cessiojis in 18th Rept. Bur. Am. Ethnology, II (Wash-
ington. 1899); Schoolcraft, Travels . . . to the Sources
of the Mississippi (Albany, 1821); Idem, Hist. Condition and
Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the V. S. (6 vols.. Philadel-
phia, 1851-7); Sheridan {in charge). Record of Engagements with
Hostile Indians, etc., 1888-1882 (Washington. 1882) ; Shea. Hist,
of the Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the U. S.
(New York, 1855); Idem, Disc, and Expl.of the Misst.>sippi Val-
ley (New York, 1852; and .Albany. 1903); De Smet, Oregon
Missions (New York. 1847; Fr. edition. Ghent, 1848);
Idem, Western Missions arul Missionaries (New York. 1863);
(see also Chittenden .and Rich.^rdsox1, South Dakota Hist.
Soc. Colls. (3 vols., Aberdeen. S. D.. 1902-6); Wall, Recollec-
tions of the Sioux Massacre (,1862) (Lake City, Minn., 1909);
Warren, Explorations in the Dakota Country, 180.5, Senate
Doc. (TV^ashington, 1856); Warren, Hist, of the Ojibways in
Minn. Hist. Soc Colls., V (St. Paul, 1885); Whipple, Lights
and Shadows of a Long Episcopate (New York, 1899) ; Wisconsin
Hist. Soc Colls. (16 vols., Madison, 1855-1902).
James Moonet.
Sipibo Indians, a numerous tribe of Panoan lin- guistic stock, formerly centring about the Pisqui and Aguailia tributaries of the upper Ucayali River, Prov- ince of Loreto north-eastern Peru, and now found as boatmen or labourers along the whole course of that stream. They speak the same language as the Conibo, Pano, and Setebo, whom they resemble in habit and ceremonial.
The Sipibo became known about the same time as their cognate tribes early in the seventeentli centurj', but opposed a determined resistance to tli<> entrance of both gold-hunters and missionaries (1657), for a long time f rust nxting all Christianizing etTorts in the l^cayali region by their constant raids upon the mis- sion settlements, particularly of the Setebo. In 1670, in common with other tribes of that region, they were greatly w.osted by smallpox. In 1736 they broke the power of the Setebo in a bloody battle, but in 1764 the Franciscan Father Juan de Frezneda entered their country and so far won their good will that he suc- ceeded in making peace between the two tribes and in the next year (1765) established the first mission among the Sipibo under the title of Santo Domingo
