TAPARELLl
449
TAPESTRY
Btanda now at about 450. It was first visited by
Coronado's men in 1540. About the year 1620 a
Spanish Franciscan mission was estabUshed there un-
der the name of San Ger6nimo de T;u)s. In the great
Pueblo revolt of 16S0 the people of Taos took a promi-
nent part, their town being the headquarters of Pope,
the leader of the rebelhon; the two resident mission-
aries were killed. On the reconquest of the country
some fifteen years later, most of the missions were re-
establisheil, but under the attacks of the wild Uteand
Navaho tlie prosperity of the Pueblo steadily de-
clined. In 1847 the people of Taos resisted the Ameri-
can occupation, killing the newly-appoiiitid governor,
Charles Bent, and a number of others, .\saresult their
town was stormed by the .\merican troops, and some
150 of the Indians were killed in ad(htion to sixteen
others afterwards executed for their part in the massa-
cre. In 1910 troops were again called out to quell a
threatened rising. In general culture and condition
the Taos people resemble the other Pueblos, but are
noted for their extreme tenacity of ancient custom,
and for a greater boldness of spirit, probably due to
the large achnixture of Ute blood. The mission of San
Ger6nimo still exists, served by a secular priest, and t he
principal festival occasion is the patronal feast of San
Ger6nimo, 30 Sept., a leading feature being a relay
foot-race; but many of the old-time tribal rites are still
kept up by a large proportion of the peoj^le.
Miller. Prelim. Stiuiy of the Pueblo of Taos in University of Chicago publications (Chicago, 1898): see also bibhography under Pdeblo Indians.
James Moonet.
Taparelli (d'.Azeglio), Alotsius (christened Prospekii). philosopher and writer on sociological subjects, b. at Turin, 24 Nov., 1793; d. at Rome, 20 Sept., 18(52; interred near the altar of St. Aloysius in the Church of St. Ignatius. His father, Cesare, was at one time ambassador of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia to the Holy See, and his brother, Massimo, was one of the Italian ministers of State. He was educated under the Calasanctians at Senis and in the Atheneo of Turin. He attended the military .school of St-Cyr at Paris for some months, but he was not destined to be a soldier. He entered the Society of Jesus at Rome, 12 Nov., 1814. In his youth he dis- played a bent for mechanics, painting, and nuisic, and later invented a musical instrument which he called the violicembolo (highly praised by Liszt and after- wards at his suggestion named the aymplioniiim), and which was exhibited at the London Exhibition. He was the first rector of the Roman College after its restoration to the Jesuits by Leo XII. He taught philosophy for sixteen years at Palermo, and for many years afterwards Wiis attached to the editorial staff of the "CiviltA Cattolica". His chief work, "Saggio teoretieo di diritto naturale appogiato sul fatto", i. e. "A Theoretical Essay on Natural Right from an His- torical Standpoint" (2 vols., 7th ed., Rome, 1883), was in a way the beginning of modern sociology. It was translatcfl into German (Ratisbon, 1845) and twice into French (Toumai, 1851 ; Paris, 1896). Herein was developed the position, at once widely accepted in conservative circles on the Continent, that the nor- mal origin of civil government was by extension of paternal power through the patriarchal head of a group of families. This essay was later abridged into " \n Elementary Course in Natural Right" (6th ed., Naples, 1860; also in French, Toumai, 1864; and in Spanish, Paris, 1875), which w.as in use as a text-book in the University of Moflena. Next in importance is his "Esame critico degli ordini r.appresentativi nella society moderna", i.e. "Critical Examinatitm of Rep- resentative Government in Modern Society" (2 vols., Rome, 18.54; in Spanish, Madrid, 1867). Resides his striking monographs on "Nationality" (Rome, 1847), "Sovereignty of the People" (Palermo, 1848; Flor- ence, 1849)," and "The Grounds of War" (Genoa, XIV.— 29
1847) he left a long list of articles in the "Civilt^'
Cattolica" chiefly on subjects in political economy
and social right, as well as an equally long list of book
reviews on kindred topics, which were acute and pene-
trating essays.
De clans sodalibus provincifB Taur\nens\s (Turin, 1906); SO.MMERVOOEL, BMiolkique de la C. de. J. (Brussels. 1896); CiviUd Cauolica, series V. vol. IV, and series X, vol. XI. The last reference gives a critical estimate of his writings.
Charles Macksey.
Tapestry. — A word of French origin naming a fab- ric in which the two processes of weaving and em- broidering are combined. The woof is not made in the usual way by throwing the threads with a shuttle, but is added to the warp by the aid of a needle carry- ing a short thread of the colour called for by the de- sign. The fabric produced by this method of work, in which richness of colour and exquisite gradation of tints are easily obtainable, is a mosaic made up of dyed threads. It is used for wall-hangings, floor and furniture coverings. It was so employed by tlie an- cient Egyptians, passing from them tlirougli \\( -stern Asia to Europe. Here, during the later Middle Ages and the Renaissance the art of the tapiser reached a high state of perfection, more particularly at An'as in France, so much so that aixas-work came to be the common designation for all sorts of tapestrj', no mat- ter where made. In England, prior to the Reforma- tion, the making of tapestry was the special handi- craft of the monastic houses; and their arras-work was in very great demand for reredoses, altar-frontals, antependiums, hearse-cloths, sanctuary carpets, pal- ace wall and choir hangings. They were not only wrought along purely ornamental Unes, but more often represented Biblical subjects, incidents in the lives of the saints, historic scenes, or illustrated by symbols some i)oint of I'^aith.
Matthew Paris records the fact that, among other ornaments which, in the reign of Henry I, Abbot GeotTrcy had made for his Church of St. Albans "were three ta])estry reredoses: the first a large one wrouglit with the finding of the body of St. Alban; the other two figured with the parables of the man who fell among thieves and of the prodigal son". Antedating this gift, the Abbot Egetric gave to the Ab- bey of Croyland, some time before the year 992, "two large fool-clothes (tapestry-carpets) woven with lions to be laid out before the high altar on great festi- vals and two shorter ones trailed all over with flowers for the feast days of the .Apostles". A number of these early English tapestries, in a good state of pres- ervation, were saved from the vandalism of the first Reformers, but the art of making tapestry declined before their mistaken zeal, so much so that, when tap- estries were wanted to decorate the walls of the House of Lords, representing the defeat of the Spanish Ar- mada, the order had to be placed in F'landers. A number of great artists have made designs for tapestry work, notably Raphael, who, with the assistance of Francisco Penni and Giovanni da Udine, executed the coloured cartoons for the tapestries of wool, silk, and gold that now hang in the Vatican at Rome, the moat beautiful in existence. Raphael also prepared cartoons for other tapestries; the last he designed, twelve in number, were made for Francis I of France in 1519. He did not, however, live to finish the car- toons; his pupil, Giulio Romano, completed them. The tapestries made from them now hang in the Vati- can, in the apartment of Pius V.
DeChampeaux, Tapedry (London, 1878); Cole, Tapestry and Emhroideru (London. 1888); GuiFFKf;v, Histoirc de la tapisserie, depitis le moyen df/f /u.iiju'd no.« jouni (Tours, 1886) ; Thomson. 4 IHslory of Tapestry from the Earliest Times until the Present Day {London. 1906) ; Gf.ntili, Arazzi antichi e moderni (Rome, 1897); Havser t Menet. Tapices de la Corona de Espaiia (Madrid, 1903) : Getz, a .Short Hittarical Sketch on Tapestry and Embroidery (New York, 1895); Ronchapd, La tapisserie dans I'antiquilS (Paris. 1884); MOntz, La tapisserie (Paris, 1882), tr. Davis, A Short History of Tapestry (London, 1886).
Caryl Coleman.
