THENNESUS
567
THEOBALD
Loui8-jArguE3 Thenard
From a lithographic Portrait
out a flood of contributions to the science of chemis-
try. In a single month at the request of the Minister
of the Interior he invented Thenard blue, a pigment
for the use of the great Sevres factory. The base of
this is cobalt. He was intimately associated in his
scientific work with Gay-Lussac for many years. In
1S13 he published his "Treatise on Chemistry", which
for t wenty-tive years had a great vogue, so that it was
said that nearly all Europe learned chemistry from
Thonard. After
many honours he
was elected to a
seat in the Acad-
emy of Sciences.
He at once set oS
for his home to
receive the con-
gratulations of his
aged mother. He
had found a copy
of "The Imitation
of Christ "in large
print, that his
mother could read
without glasses.
This he took with
him, and he used
to say that the
finding of this
bookwith itslarge
type was one of
his great discoveries. His work covered so great a
range that there is not room here to tell of it. Di-
oxide of hydrogen was one of his best-known dis-
coveries ; he worked on the electrolysis of the oxides at
the same time as Sir Humphrj' Davy, discovered
boron, and came near antedating Davy in the isola-
tion of chlorine. Most of his family died before him
and his last years were filled with sadness. He was
made a baron by Charles X in 182.5 and served in the
legislature.
Funeral eulogiunu by Saint Hilaire and Pelouze in Comptes renJus de V AcaUmie des sciences (1S57), 12S6 sqq.
. T. O'CoNOR Sloane.
Tbennesus, a titular suffragan see of Pelusium in Augustamnica Prima. Cassian (Collat., XI, 1-3) gives a very exact description of the little island which includes this bishopric. Its inhabitants were given solely to commerce owing to the lack of arable land. The bishop of this locality had just died when Cas- sian arri\ed there; and they were about to name a successor. In 451 Heron, another of its bishops, was condemned by the Council of Chalcedon for not hav- ing anathematized the Patriarch Dioscorus (Mansi, "Concil. coll.", VI, 572; VII, .52). During the eighth century the Patriarch of .Antioch, Dionysius of Tell Mahre, landed there (Bar-Hebra^us, "Hist, eccles.", I, 360). About 870 the monk Bernard was well re- ceived there by the inhabitants, who were almost all Christians (Tobler and Molinier, "Itinera hicrosoly- mitana", I, 313). Thennesus is also mentioned in a Coptic "Notitia episcopatuum" (Roug(5, "G(^og. anc. de la Basse Egypte ", 156). It is to-day Tell-Tenis, at the extremit}- of an island in Lake Menzaleh, near the Suez Canal. There still remain there ruins and tombs of the Roman era.
Le QriEN, Oricns chria., II. 549; Gelzbr, Gemgii Cyprii De- scrip, orb. Tomani (I^ipzig, 1890), 113; Ah^lineau, La geog. de I'Eguple i Vepuque cople (Paris, 1S93), 507.
S. Vailh^.
Theobald, Saint, b. at Provins in the Province of Champagne, France, in 1017; d. at Salanigo in Italy 30 June, 1066. He was a member of a noble family. In 10.54 without the knowledge of his parents he and his friend Walter gave themselves to the life of her- mits at Sussy in the Ardennes, then at Pittingen (now Pettingen) in the Diocese of Trier, a district that to-
day belongs to the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.
From this place the two made a pilgrimage to Com-
postella in Spain, and afterwards returned into the
territory of Trier. They made a second pilgrimage to
Rome. As they returned they desired to go to Pales-
tine by way of Venice, but Walter's strength failed
near Salanigo in the Diocese of Viccnza. They there-
fore settled in a sohtary place near Salanigo. After
two years Walter died. A large number of disciples
eager for salvation gathered around Theobald, who
severed himself more and more from all earthly things.
The bishop ordained him priest. His mother, who
came to visit him, did not wish to leave him again,
and led thenceforth under his direction a religious
hfe.
Shortly before his death he entered the Camaldolese Order. Numerous miracles, some occurring before and some after his death, are rejiorted of him. Alex- ander II (1061-1073) permitted the public veneration of St. Theobald. His \cneration spread especially in Italy, France, Belgium, and Luxemburg. He is the patron saint of charcoal-burners.
Acta SS., June, V, 588-606; Bibliotheca hagiogr. lat. (Brussels, 1898-1900), 1163^; Weicherdino, Der hi. Theobald (Luxem- burg, 1879) ; Allod, Vie de saint Thibaud (Meaux. 1873).
Klemens Loffler.
Theobald (Tedbald), Archbishop of Canterbury; d. 18 April, 1161. He was a Norman by descent an<l became a Benedictine monk at Bee late in the ele\cntli or early in the twelfth century. In 1 127 he was made prior, and abbot in 1137. On 28 Dec, 1138, he was elected archbishop and was consecrated on 8 January following. He went to Rome for his pallium and took part in the second Lateran Council. He proved a wise and capable prelate, devout in his private life, charitable, and a lover of learning. During the civil war he adhered to King Stephen, whom he crowned, though for a time he was at the Empress Maud's court, and always worked for the Angevin succession.
In his household he collected many young men of ability, including his successor St. Thomas of Canter- bury, and he encouraged the formation of scholars and statesmen of a new type. He was tlic first to in- troduce civil law into England, and founded a law school at Canterbury, inducing the famous jurist Roger Vacarius to come and lecture there. This in- troduction of Roman law had important effects on tlie fortunes of the common law of England, and inci- dentally led to the establishment of the Inns of Court to maintain the national body of law against the newly introduced code. Theobald suffered many difficulties owing to the appointment of his suffragan bishop, Henry of Winchester, as legate. Among these was the appointment of St. William of York as archbishop of that see, which Theobald felt bound to oppose. Celestine II did not reappoint Henry of Blois as legate and finally in 1150, or possibly before, Theobald was named legate by Blessed Eugene III, probably on the recommendation of St. Bernard (Ep. 238).
When the pope summoned the English bishops to a council at Reims the king forbade them to go, where- upon Theobald defied the king and went. Though he saved the king from excommunication, his property was confiscated and he was banished. The p(>i)e f hen put England under interdict, which was disregarded except in Canterbury, and finally the king and an^h- bishop were reconciled in 114S. In 1151 Theobald held a legatine council in London. In the following year, acting on papal authority, he refused to crown Eustace, the king's son, and was again compelled to seek flight. While in Normandy he reconciled Henry of Anjou to Stephen, with the result that in 11.53 the Treaty of Wallingford ended the Civil War. On Stephen's death Theobald (Towned Henry II, and dur- ing the rest of his life, though not without anxiety for
