THEODORE
573
THEODORE
aised against him when the Pelagians and Nestorians
ippoaled to his writings. The first to represent him
IS the father of Pelagianism was Mariiis Mercator in
lis worlv "Liber subnotationum in verba Juhani,
'rffif." (about 431; in P. L., XLVIII, 111). He was
.ccused of Nestorianism by Hesycliiiis of Jerusalem
a his Church History (about 435). Rabulas of Ed-
ssa went so far as to pronounce anathema on Theo-
lore. Acting under the influence of the latter, St.
}yril of Alexandria expressetl himself in fairly sharp
erms concerning Theodore, naming him with Dio-
orus the "patresNcstoriiblasphemia;" ("Ep. bcxiad
^heodosium imp.", in P. G., LXXVII, 341-44) ; he was,
owever, unwilling to condemn Theodore, as he had
led in peace with the Church. Meanwhile the Nes-
orian strife passed by without any official action be-
ig taken by the Church against Theodore, although
is WTitings stood in higher favour among the Nes-
Drians of Edessa and Nisibis than those of Nestorius
imself. The General Council of Chalcedon seemed
ither to favour Theodore, when it declared his dis-
iples and admirers, Theodoret and Ibas of Edessa,
rthodox, although the latter in his epistle to Maris
ad referred to Theodore in terms of the highest
raise. The Monophysitic reaction against the Coun-
il of Chalcedon in the sixth centurj' first succeeded in
ringing Theodore's person and writings under the
an of the ecclesiastical anathema through the ill-
uncd dispute of the Three Chapters. Theodore was
)r the first time condemned as a heretic by the Em-
eror Justinian in his edict against the Three Chapters
)44). Under the influence of imperial pressure Pope
igilius composed (553) at Constantinople a docu-
lent in which sixty propositions taken from Theo-
ore's writings were declared heretical. Finally, at
le Fifth General Synod (553), at which, however,
igilius did not participate, the three Chapters, in-
uding Theodore's writings and person, were placed
ader anathema. It was only on 8 December that
igilius, broken with exile, gave his approval to the
screes of the synod. Among the most zealoiis de-
nders of Theodore and the Three Chapters, besides
ope Vigilius (until .533), were the African Facundus
' Hermiana ("Pro defensione trium capitulonmi libri
II", in P. L., LXVH, 527 sqq.) and the bishops,
aulinus of Aquileia and Vitalis of Milan.
The most complete edition of Theodore's works is given in P. ,, LXVI. 124 sqq.: see also: Swete, ThcodoH Ep. Mopsuesteni epislolas B. Pauli. The Latin Version with the Greek Fragments vols., Cambridge, 1880-82): SACHAtJ. Theodori Mopsuesteni tgmerUa sijriaca (Leipzig, 1869); and some fragments in S. In- centi ep. Maronice: De his qui unum ex trinilate vel unum Sub- tlerUiam seu personam Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum duhi- It confiteri, ed. Amelli in Spicilegium Casinense, I ( 1 888) , 148-54. TiLLEMONT. AUmoires, XII (1732). 4.33 sqq.; Fritzsche, Z)e \eodori Mopsuesteni vita et scriptis (Halle, 1836; reprinted in
G.. LXVI, 9 sqq.; Swete in Diet. Christ, Biog., s. v.: Specht, er exeget. Standpunkt des TheodoT u. Theodoret in Auslegung der 'jisian. Weissagungen (Munich, 1871): Kihn, Theodorvon M. u. mitius Africanus als Exegeten (Freiburg, 1880); Zahn, Das ^ue Testament Theodors v. M. u. der urspriingl. Kanon der Syrer
Keue K-ircU. Zeitschr., XI (1900), 788-806; Dennefeld. Der testam. Kanon der Antiochen. Schule (Freiburg, 1909), 44-61 'ibl. Studien. 14, 4); Baethgen, Der Psatmenkommentar des leodor V. M. in sj/rischer Bearbeitung in Zeitschr. fur alltestam. issenschaft, V (1885), 53-101; VI (1886), 261-88; VII (1887), 60; Lietzmann, Der PsalmenJcommentar Theodors v. M. in Sit- ngsberiehte der kgl. preussichen Akademie der Wissenschnftcn 902), 334^6: Mercati, Un palimpsesto Ambrosiano dei Salmi apti (Turin, 1896); cf. Ascou, II codice irUindese delV .Ambro- imz in Architio glottologico italiano, V, VI ; von DobscitOtz in nerican Journal of Theology, II (1898), 35.3-87; Fendt. Die \rUtologie des Nestorius (Kempten, 1910), 9-12: Theodor v. opsuestia: Nestle, Theodor von M. u. Nestorius; Einc Milteil- g aus syrischen Quelien in Theolog, Studien aus WUrttemberg 381), 210-11.
Cetrts. Baur.
Theodore of Amasea, Saint, surnamed Tyro "iRO), not because he was a young recruit, but bo- use for a time he belonged to the Cohors TyTonuni Jilles, Kal. man., I, 105), called of .\masea from the ace where he suffered martyrdom, and Euchaita am the place, Euchais, to which his body had been rried, and where he was held in such veneration that
the city was frequent Ij- spoken of as Theodoropolis.
His martyrdom seems to have taken place 17 Feb.,
306, under the Emperors GaleriusMaximianand Max-
imin, for on this day the Menologies give his feast.
The Greeks and Armenians honour him also on the
first Saturday of Lent, while the Roman Martyrology
records him on 9 Nov. In the twelfth century his
body was transferred to Brindisi, and he is there hon-
oured as patron; his head is enshrined at Gaeta. There
are churches bearing his name at Constantinople, Je-
rusalem, Damascus, and other places of the East. An
ancient church of Venice, of which he is titular, is said
to have been built by Narsos. At the foot of the Pal-
atine in Rome is a very old church, circular in shape
and dedicated to S. Teodoro, whom the Roman people
call S. Toto, which was made a collegiate church by
Felix IV. The people showed their confidence in the
saint by bringing their sick children to his temple.
His martjTdom is represented in the choir of the
cathedral of Chartres by thirtj'-eight glass paintings
of the thirteenth century (Migne, "Diet, iconogr.",
599). He is invoked against storms. Emblems: tem-
ple, torch, crocodile, pyre, crown of thorns.
St. Gregory of Nyssa delivered a panegjTic on his feast and gave several data concerning his life and martjTdom (P. G., XLVI, 741, and Ruinart, 505). The oldest text of the "Martyrium S. Theodori Tiro- nis" was published by Delehaye in "Les legendes grecques des saints militaircs", p. 227, but it is con- sidered largely interpolated (Anal. Boll., XXX, 323). ,St. Theodore is said to have been born in the East (Syria or Armenia are mentioned by some viTit- ers). He enlisted in the army and was sent with his cohort to winter quarters in Pontus. When the edict against the Christians was issued by the emperors, he was brought before the Court at Amasea and asked to offer sacrifice to the gods. Theodore, however, de- nied their existence and made a noble profession of his belief in the Divinity of Jesus Christ. The judges, pretending pity for his youth, gave him time for re- flection. This he employed in burning the Temple of Cybele. He was again taken prisoner, and after many cruel torments was burned at the stake.
Butler, Lives of the Saints: Diet, of Christ. Biog.; Stadleh, Hei- ligenlexikon; Armelupji, Le chiese di Roma (Rome, 1SS7); Allard, Hist, des persecut., V (Paris, 1908). 44; Chevalier. Bio-BibL. II,
- ^"'- Fr.\ncis Mershman.
Theodore of Gaza, a fifteenth-century Greek Hu- manist and translator of Aristotle, b. at Thessalonica early in the fifteenth centur>-; d. in Southern Italy in 1478. In 1429 he went to Italy, where he made" his home, Uke many other learned Greeks who did not wish to submit to the rule of the Turks at Constanti- nople. He taught Greek at Siena, Ferrara, and Rome. Having learned Latin from ^'ictorino da Fel- tre, he devoted himself to the translation of Aristotle's works into that language. He was received with fa^ vour at the Court of Nicholas V, and, although a pro- nounced Aristotelean, remained on terms of friendship with Cardinal Bessarion. Through the good offices of the cardinal he obtained a small benefice in the Ab- ruzzi. His chief service to the cause of Peripatetic philosophy consisted in his translations, which were superior both in point of accuracy and in that of style to the versions in use before his time. He devoted particular attention to the translation and exposi- tion of Aristotle's works on natural science. In the campaign waged by Plethon (q. v.) against Aristote- lianism he contributed his share to the defence of the StagjT-ite. His influence on the humanistic move- ment was considerable, owing to the success with which he taught Greek language and literature at the various seats of learning in Italy. At Ferrara he founded an academy to offset the influence of the Pla- tonic academy founded by Plel hon at Florence.
Ueberweq, Hist, of Philosophy, tr. Morris. I (New York, 1892),
'"■ William TmiNER,
