bolism. Both positive and speculative theology received a new lease of life, the former through Klee (d. 1840), the latter through Staudenmeier (d. 1856). At the same time men like Kleutgen (d. 1883), Werner (d. 1888), and Stöckl (d. 1895) earned for the despised Scholasticism a new place of honour by their thorough historical and systematic writings. In France and Belgium the dogmatic theology of Cardinal Gousset (d. 1866) of Reims and the writings of Bishop Malou of Bruges (d. 1865) exerted great influence. In North America the works of Arch- bishop Kenrick (d. 1863) did untold good. Cardinal Camille Mazzella (d. 1900) is to be ranked among the North American theologians, as he wrote his dogmatic works while occupying the chair of theology at Woodstock College, Maryland. In England the great Cardinals Wiseman (d. 1865), Manning (d. 1892), and Newman (d. 1890) became by their works and deeds powerful agents in the revival of Catholic life and in the advance of Catholic theology.
In Italy, where the better traditions had never been forgotten, far-seeing men like Sanseverino (d. 1865), Liberatore (d. 1892), and Tongiorgi (d. 1865) set to work to restore Scholastic philosophy, because it was found to be the most effective weapon against the errors of the time, i. e. traditionalism and ontolo- gism, which had a numerous following among Cath- olic scholars in Italy, France, and Belgium. The pioneer work in positive theology fell to the lot of the famous Jesuit Perrone (d. 1876) in Rome. His works on dogmatic theology, scattered throughout the Catholic world, freed theology of the miasmas which had infected it. Under his leadership a brilliant phalanx of theologians, as Passaglia (d. 1887), Schrader (d. 1875), Cardinal Franzelin (d. 1886), Palmieri (d. 1909), and others, continued the work so happily begun and reasserted the right of the specu- lative element in the domain of theology. Eminent among the Dominicans was Cardinal Zigliara, an inspiring teacher and fertile author. Thus from Rome, the centre of Catholicism, where students from all countries foregathered, new life went forth and permeated all nations. Germany, where Baader (d. 1841), Günther, and Frohschammer (d. 1893) continued to spread their errors, shared in the general uplift and produced a number of prominent theolo- gians, as Kuhn (d. 1887), Berlage (d. 1881), Dieringer (d. 1876), Oswald (d. 1903), Knoll (d. 1863), Den- zinger (d. 1883), v. Schäzler (d. 1880), Bernard Jungmann (d. 1895), Heinrich (d. 1891), and others. But Germany's greatest theologian at this time was Joseph Scheeben (d. 1888), a man of remarkable talent for speculation. In the midst of this universal reawakening the Vatican Council was held (1870), and the Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the value of Scholastic, especially Thomistic, philosophy and theology was issued (1879). Both these events became landmarks in the history of dogmatic theol- ogy. An energetic activity was put forth in every branch of sacred science and is still maintained. Even though, consulting the needs of the time and the hostile situation, theologians cultivate most assiduously historical studies, such as Church history, Christian archæology, history of dogma, and history of religion, yet signs are not wanting that, side by side with positive theology, Scholasticism also will enter upon a new era of progress. History shows that periods of progress in theology always follow in the wake of great acumenical councils. After the first Council of Nicara (325) came the great period of the Fathers; after the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) the wonderful age of mature Scholasticism; and after the Council of Trent (1545-63) the activity of later Scholasticism. It is not too much to hope that the Vatican Council, which had to be adjourned indefi- nitely after a few general sessions, will be followed by a similar period of progress and splendour.
No critical history of Catholic dogma has as yet been written. In general cf. LAFORET, Coup d'œil sur l'histoire de la Théologie dogmatique (Louvain, 1851). Ample material is given in: Posse- VIN, Apparatus sacer (3 vols., Venice, 1603-06); Du PIN, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques (11 vols., Paris, 1686-1714); OUDIN,Commentarius de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (3 vols., Leip- zig. 1722); CAVE, Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum historia lite- raria (2nd ed., Oxford, 1740-43); FABRICIUS, Bibliotheca latina media el infimæ ætatis (5 vols., Hamburg, 1734); CEILLIER, His- toire générale des Auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques (2nd ed., 19 vols., Paris, 1858-70); SMITH AND WACE, Dict. Christ. Biog., MICHAUD, Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne (2nd ed., 45 vols., Paris, 1842-65); WERNER, Geschichte der apologetischen und pole- mischen Literatur der christl. Religion (5 vols., Schaffhausen, 1861-); CAPOZZA, Sulla Filosofia dei Padri e Dottori della Chiesa e in ispecialità di San Tommaso (Naples, 1868); WILLMANN, Geschichte des Idealismus (2nd ed., 3 vols.. Brunswick, 1908). An invaluable work of reference is HURTER, Nomenclator. Witb regard to the several countries cf. TANNER, Bibliotheca Brittani- co-Hibernica seu de scriptoribus, qui in Anglia, Scotia et Hibernia ad sac. ri initium floruerunt (London, 1748); Did. Nat. Biog. The MAURISTS published: Histoire littéraire de la France (12 vols., Paris, 1733-63), which was continued by the INSTITUT DE FRANCE (20 vols., Paris, 1814-1906); MAZZTCHELLI, Gli scrittori Letteratura italiana (13 vols., Modena, 1771-82); KRUMBACHER, d'Italia (2 vols., Brescia, 1753-63); TIRABOSCHI, Storia della Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur (2nd ed., Munich, 1897); WRIGHT, A Short History of Syriac Literature (London, 1894); CHABOT, Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium (Paris, 1903-). With regard to various religious orders cf. ZIEGEL- BATER, Historia rei literaria Ordinis S. Benedicti (4 vols., Augs- burg, 1754); TASSIN, Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint- Maure (Brussels, 1770); WADDING, Scriptores Ordinis Minorum (2nd ed., 2 vols., Rome, 1805); DE MARTIGNY, La Scolastique et les traditions franciscaines (Paris, 1888); FELDER, Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Studien im Franziskanerorden (Freiburg.
1904); QUÉTIF ECHARD, Scriptores Ordinis Prædicatorum (2 vols.. Paris, 1719-21); REICHERT, Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Præ- dicatorum historica (Rome, 1806-); DE VILLIERS, Bibliotheca, Carmelitana notis criticis et dissertationibus illustrata (2 vols., Orléans, 1752); DE VISCH, Bibliotheca scriptorum Ordinis Cister- ciensis (2nd ed., Colm, 1656); GOOVAERTS, Dictionnaire bio- bibliographique des écrivains, artistes et sarants de Ordre de Prémontré (2 vols., Brussels, 1899-1907); WINTER, Die Prä- monstratenser des 12. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1865); OSSINGER, Bibliotheca Augustiniana historica, critica et chronologica (Ingol- stadt, 1768); SOUTHWELL, Bibliotheca scriptorum Societatis Jesu (Rome, 1676); SOMMERVOGEL, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus (9 vols., Brussels and Paris, 1890-1900). The histories of dogma by SCHWANE, HARNACK, TIXERONT, etc., may also be consulted with profit.
With regard to the special literature of the Patristic Period, cf. EHRHARD, Die altchristliche Literatur u. ihre Erforschung seit 1880 (2 vols., 1894-1900); DONALDSON, A Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene Council (3 vols., London, 1865-66); RICHARDSON, The Antenicene Fathers. A Bibliographical Synopsis (Buffalo, 1887); CRUTTWEIL, A Literary History of Early Christianity (2 vols., London, 1893); SCHOENEMANN, Bibliotheca historico-litteraria Patrum latinorum a Tertulliano usque ad Gregorium M. et Isidorum Hispalensem (2 vols., Leipzig, 1792-94); HARNACK, Geschichte der MOHLER, Patrologie (Ratisbon, 1840); MIGNE-SEVESTRE, Dic- altchristlichen Literatur bis Eusebius (3 vols., Leipzig, 1893-1904); tionnaire de Patrologie (4 vols., Paris, 1851-55); NIRSCHL, Lehr- buch der Patrologie u. Patristik (3 vols., Mainz, 1881-85); ALZOG. Grundriss der Patrologie (4th ed., Freiburg, 1888); FEBBLER- JUNGMANN, Institutiones Patrologice (2 vols., Innsbruck, 1890- 1896); BARDENHEWER, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Literatur, I-II (Freiburg, 1902-03); IDEM. Patrologie (3rd ed., Freiburg, 1910); RAUSCHEN, Grundriss der Patrologie (3rd ed., Freiburg. 1910); STOCKI, Geschichte der christl. Philosophie zur Zeit der Kirchen- väter (Mainz, 1891). Of great importance are also: A. HARNACK U. C. SCHMIDT, Terte u. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der alt- christl. Literatur (Leipzig. 1882-); ROBINSON, Texts and Studies (Cambridge, 1891-); HEMMER-LEJAY, Textes et Documents (Paris, 1904-).
With regard to the Middle Ages cf. especially SCHEEBEN, Dogmatik, I (Freiburg. 1873) 423 sqq.; GRABMANN, Geschichte der scholastichen Methode, I, II (Freiburg, 1909-11); IDEM in BUCHBERGER, Kirchliches Handlexikon, s. v. Scholastik; SiG- HARDT, Albertus Magnus, sein Leben u. seine Werke (Ratisbon, 1857); WERNER, Der hl. Thomas ron Aquin (3 vols., Ratisbon, 1858); BACH, Die Dogmengeschichte des Mittelalters rom christo- logischen Standpunkt (2 vols., Vienna, 1873-75); SIMIER, Des sommes de théologie (Paris, 1871). With regard to the universities cf. BULEUS, Historia Universitatis Parisiensis (Paris, 1665-73); DENIFLE AND CHATELAIN, Chartularium Universitatis Parisien- DESIFLE, Die Universitäten des Mittelalters, I (Berlin, 1885); sis (4 vols., Paris, 1889-97); RASHDALL, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1895); FERET, La Faculté de Théologie de Paris et ses Docteurs les plus célèbres, I: Moyen-âge (4 vols., Paris, 1894-97); ROBERT. Les écoles et l'enseignement de la Théologie pendant la première moitié du XIIe siècle (Paris, 1909); MICHAEL, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes rom 8. Jahrh. bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters, II, III (Freiburg, 1899-1903); EBERT. Allgemeine, Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters im Abend- With regard to Scholastic lande (3 vols., Leipzig. 1874-87). philosophy, ef. HAUREAT, Histoire de la Philosophic scolastique (3 vols., Paris, 1872); DE WULF. History of Medieval Philosophy, tr. COFFEY (London, 1909); STOCKL, Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters (3 vols., Mainz, 1864-66); BAUMKER in Die Kul- tur der Gegenwart by HINNEBERG, I (Leipzig, 1909), 5; DENIFLE
