TIMUCUA
733
TIMUCUA
'ir I he end of them that beUeve not the gospel of
I low ' ) There is a development m St. Paul's use of
ill' comparisons body and bride, which is exactly
|i.ir illilecl by his use of the words building and tem-
I 'li I'hey are applied first to individuals, then to com-
iiiuinties and finally to the whole Church (see Gay-
lonl 1,1 Hast., "Diet, of the Bibl.", s. v. Church).
^i "Items of the creed, now rapidly crystallizing III l;ome and Asia Minor, are conveyed partly in h\ iiinal fragments, which like those in the Apocalypse of John, sprang from the cultus of the churches.' ' There are fragments of the Creed in I Cor. (see Co- rinthians, Epistles to the. The First Epistle — Its teaching), and there were hymns in use several years before St. Paul's death. He WTote to the Colossians (iii, 16): "Let the word of Christ dwell in you abun- dantly, in aU W'isdom: teaching and admonishing one another in psalms, hymns, and spiritual canticles" (cf. Kph., V, 19). The objections from the "P^aithful Sayings" are fully answered in James, "The Genuine- ness of the Pastorals" (London, 1906), 132-6.
(9) "No possible circumstances could make Paul oblivious (through three separate letters) of God's fatherhood, of the believing man's union with Jesus, of the power and witness of the Spirit, or of reconcilia- tion." These doctrines are not quite forgotten: I Tim., i, 15; ii, 6; II Tim., i, 2, 9; ii, 13; Tit., i, 4; iii, 4, 5, 7. 'There was no necessitj' to dwell upon them as he was writing to disciples well acquainted with his teaching, and the purpose of the Epistles was to meet new problems. Besides, this objection could be brought against hwge portions of the genuine Epi.'itles.
There are several other objections but they are so flimsy that they cannot present any difficulty. What Sanilay wrote in 1896 in his "Inspiration" (London) is still true: "It may be asserted without fear of con- tradiction that nothing really un-Pauline has been proved in anj- of the di.sputed epistles. "
II. External Ei'idence. — The Pauhne authorship of the Pastorals was never doubted by Catholics in early times. Eusebius, with his complete knowledge of early Christian literature, states that they were among the books universally recognized in the Church rd irapb. Trdatv ' ofioKo-yovyieva ("Hist, eccl.", II, xxii. III, iii; "Pra-p. evang.", II, xiv, 7; xvi, 3). They are found in the early Latin and Syriac Versions. St. Clement of Alexandria speaks of them (Strom., II, III), and Ter- tullian expresses his astonishment that they were re- jected by Marcion (Adv. Marcion, V, xxi), and says they were written by St. Paul to Timothy and Titus; evidently their rejection was a thing hitherto unheard of. They are ascribed to St. Paul in the Muratorian Fragment, and Theophilus of Antioch (about 181) quotes from them and calls them the "Divine word" (Betoi \byo^). The Martyrs of Vienne and Lyons (about 180) were acquainted with them; and their bishop, Pothinus, who was bom about A. D. 87 and martyred in 177 at the age of ninety, takes us back to a very early date. His successor, St. Ircnteus, who was born in Asia Minor and had heard St. Polycarp preach, makes frequent use of the Epistles and quotes them as St. Paul's. He was arguing against heretics, so there could be no doubt on either side. The Epistles were also admitted by Heracleon (about 16.5), Hegesippus (about 170), St. .Justin Martyr, and the writer of the "Seoond Epistle of Clement" (about 140). In the short letter which St. Polycarp wrote (about 117) he shows that he was thoroughly acquainted with them. Polycarp was born only a few years after the death of Saints Peter and Paul, and as Timothy and Titus, according to the most ancient traditions, lived to be verv- old, he was their contemporarv- for many years. He was Bishop of Smyrna, only forty miles from Ephesus, where Tim- othy resided. St. Ignatius, the second succeasor ot St. Peter at Antioch, was acquainted with Apostlea
and disciples of the Apostles, and shows his knowl
edge of the Epistles in the letters which he wrote
about A. D. 110. Critics now admit that Ignatius
and Polycarp knew the Pastorals (von Soden in
Holtzmann's" Hand-Kommentar", III, 155; "Ency.
Bib.", IV); and there is a very strong probability
that they were known also to Clement of Rome, when
he wrote to the Corinthians about a. d. 96.
In judging of the early evidence it should be borne in mind that all three Epistles claim to be by St. Paul. So when an early writer shows his familiarity with them, quotes them as authoritative and as evi- dently well known to his readers, it may be taken as a proof not only of the existence and widespread knowl- edge of the Epistles, but that the writer took them for what they claim to be, genuine Epistles of St. Paul; and if the writer lived in the time of Apostles, of Apostolic men, of disciples of Apo.^tles, and of Tim- othy and Titus (as did Ignatius, Polyeaq), and Clement) we may be sure that he w;is correct in doing so. The evidence of these writers is, however, very unceremoniously brushed aside. The heretic Mar- cion, about A. D. 150, is held to be of much more weight than all of them put together. "Marcion'a omission of the pastorals from his canon tells heavily against their origin as preserved in trailition. Phile- mon was accepted by him, though far more of a pri- vate note than any of the pastorals; ami the presence of elements antagonistic to his own views need not have made him exclude them, since he could have easily excised these passages in this as in other cases" (Ency. Bib., IV). Marcion rejected the whole of the Old Testament, all the Gospels excejjt St. Luke's, which he grossly mutilated, and all the rest of the New Testament, except ten Epistles of St. Paul, texts of which he changed to suit his purposes. Phile- mon escaped on account of its brevity and contents. If he crossed out all that was objectionable to him in the Pastorals there would be little left worth preserv- ing. Again, the testimony of all these early writers is regarded as of no more value than the opinion of Aristotle on the authorship of the Homeric poems (ibid.). But in the one case we have the chain of evi- dence going back to the times of the writer, of his disciples, and of the persons addressed; while Aristotle lived several hundred years after the time of Homer. "The early Christian attitude towards 'Hebrews' is abundant evidence of how loose that judgment (on authorship] could be" (ibid.). The extreme care and hesitancy, in some quarters, about admitting the Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews (q. V.) when contrasted with the universal and un- doubting acceptance of the Pastorals tells strongly in favour of the latter.
James, Genxtineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles (London. 1906); Jacqcier. Hist, du Nouneau Test., I (Paris, 1906: tr. DuGGAN, London); Introductions to N. Te.st. by Cor- NELY, Salmon', and other Scriptural scholars; Headlam in Church Congress Rrp,irts (London. 1904); The Church Quart. Rev. (October, inoi; .T;,i,n,r 1007); BiSPiNO, Erklarung der drei Past. (Munsli r ■ - \'> -,. Tim. und Tit. (Gottingen, 1902);
Bernard, TA. / ' '.« (Cambridge. 1899); Lilley. TAe
Pastoral Epi^th I -i: nl iin-h. 1901); Gore, Orders and Unity (London, 1909): Workman. The Hapax Legomena of St. Paul in Expository Times, Vll (1S96). 418; Hobt, Judaistic Christianity (London, 1898); Belser, Die Briefe des Apostels Paulus an Timoth. u. Titus (Freiburg); Knowling has a good defence of the Pastorals in The Teslimonv of .S'(, Paul to Christ: see also his article in the Critical Rerino (July, 1896); Ramsey. Expositor (1910).
C. Aherne.
Timucua Indians, a principal group or confed- eracy of ancient I'loridq, notable for the successful missions established among them by the Spaniards and subsequently utterly <lestroyed by the English of Carolina and their .savage Indian allies. The name — written also Atimura, Thimnpon, Tomoco, by the Spaniards, French, and English respectively — appears to be derived from a word in their own language, alimnqun, "lord, or chief", and was probably a title
