TITLE
745
TITULUS
Antiope" of the Louvre, the "Rape of Europa"
I'.oston, Gardner roUpction), etc. He even at-
Unipted prolilonis of chiaroscuro in fantastic night
effects ("Martyrdom of St. Laurence", Church of the
Jesuits, Venice; "St. Jerome," Louvre). Inthcdomain
of the real he always remained equally strong, sure,
and master of himself; his portraits of PhiUp II
(Madrid), those of his daughter, Lavinia, and those
of himself are mniibprcd among his masteri)ipces.
So until the end, until that tragic "Pieta" of the Academy of Venice, which was found incompleted in his studio, the aged master strove indefatigably in pur- suit of an ever-changing ideal, or rather one which changed when he believed he had given it full expres- sion. Each time a new impression, the discovery of an artist hitherto unknown to him, revealed to him a new aspect of beauty, the great old man unweariedly recommenced his work and endeavoured to incor- porate in it the new elements which he had just per- ceived. This it is which gives to his work as a whole its gi-eat significance and to his very countenance, be- neath the health and balance of an iron constitution, an au- of sadness and distress the Uke of which is only found in Rembrandt's last portraits. In fact no one ever expended such obstinate effort in the attempt to realize perfection. It is this which gives to certain parts of his work a tense character, an aspect of de- liberateness, which occasionally causes an appearance of coldness. But in the end he is always regarded as the exemplar and the greatest of painters. "Titian is one of those who come closest to the spirit of an- tiquity", wTites Delacroix in his "Journal", and in a note for his "Dictionnaire des beaux arts", defining the antique he cites the work of Titian, and indeed there is no other modern work which shares so fully with the marbles of the Parthenon the privilege of eternally enchanting and moving us.
Vasahi, Lives of Celebrated Painters, etc., tr. Foster, ed. Blash- field and Hopkins (New York, 1S96) ; Ridolfi, Meravialic dell 'arte, I (Venice 1648), 135 sqq.; MAiiR, Dell 'imiMcN,,,. i.ri,.rira e delV eccellema delle opere de Tiziano (Venice. 1s7m : Noiuii'dTE, The Life.of Titian, (London, 1830); Crowe avi. Cvvm.. i>i:i,le. Titian (London, 1877); Lafenestre, Titien (in fol.. Puris lss5); BcRCKBARDT, Cicerone, II (Paris, 1892), 730 sqq.; Dklacboix, Journal (Paris, 1893); Knackfcss, Tiziano (Bielefeld, 1900); Gronau, Tizian (tr. London, 1904); Tizian des Meister Gemdlde in S30 Abbitdungen (Stuttgart, 1904) ; Wtzewa, Mattres itatiens d'aulrefois (Paris, 1907). Mobelu, Italian Painters (London, 1892); Phillips, The Earlier and Later Work of Titian in Port- folio (1897-8).
Louis Gillet.
Title of Ordination. See Alimentation.
Titopolis (TiTiopoLis), titular see, suffragan of Seleucia Trachiea in Isauria. Le Quien (Oriens Christ., II, 1023) mentions three of its bishops: Arte- mius at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Mom- prieus at the Council of Chalcedon in 4.51 ; Domitius at the Trullan Council in 692. The see is mentioned in the sbcth century "Notitia episcopatuum " of An- tioch (Echos d'Oficnt, X, 145). About 732 the ecclesiastical Province of Isauria was annexed to the Patriarchate of Constantinople and henceforth Titi- opolis figures in the "Notitia opiscop.atuum " of that Church, as it does also about 900 in that of Leo the Wise (Gelzer, "Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitia> episcopatuum", 5.57), and about 940 in that of Con- stantine Pori)hyrogenilus ("Georgii Cjqjrii Descriptio orbis romani", ed. Gelzer, 76). The town is men- tioned by "Hieroclis Synecdemus", ed. Burckhardt, 37, by George of Cji^nis, 42, and by Constantine Porphyrogenitus "De them.", 36, as one of the cities of the Isaurian Decapolis. Its exact site is unknown.
Ramsav. Asia Minor (London. 1S90), 370.
S. Vailh6. Titular Bishop. See Bishop; I.v Partibus In-
FIDELH'M.
Titulus. In pagan times tihdus signified an in- scription on stone, and later the stone which marked
the confines of property. Under Trajiin it signified at
Rome the limits of the juri.sdiction of the priests,
which is the germ of the meaning itbearsinitsecclesias-
tico-archeological usage. Baronius explains that a
cross sculptured on a church was the tilutus which
designated it as belonging to Chi'ist, just as imperial
property was indicated by the tilulus fiscalis. Noth-
ing remains to establish with certainty where the pub-
lic Christian edifices of Rome before Constantine
were situated. The earliest Christians assembled in
the halls of private houses, and these oratories were
therefore called ecdesice domesticce. St. Paul men-
tions those at Rome and Corinth; in accordance with
the most ancient Roman traditions, they were those
of Aquilla and Prisca on the Aventine and the Ecclesia
Pudentiana: on the Viminal. These ecdesice domes-
ticw became the domus ecdesiw, and later domus Dei,
i. e. the dominicum; and in this last period they re-
ceived the name liltdi, from the name of the founder
or proprietor who held the property in custody for the
Church. A populous Christian community, like that
of Rome, by the end of the third century must have
possessed a domus Dei, a social centre which served as
church, bishop's residence, refectory, dispensary of
charity, hospice, tribunal, and seat of the episcopal
government, as was the case at Antioch, Carthage,
Cirta, and elsewhere. In the fourth century all this
was located at the Lateran, in the palace formerly be-
longing to Fausta, daughter of Maximinianus. The
history of the Lateran begins with A. D. 313 and the
most recent excavations there have revealed six Ro-
man public and private edifices, but no Christian
building earlier than Constantine. According to de
Rossi the centre of episcopal administration before
the Lateran was a Christian building at San Lorenzo
in Damaso, where in the fourth century the archives of
the church were kept, and where now the central
chancery {Canccllaria Apostolica) of the Papal govern-
ment is situated.
According to the Liber Pontificalis, Pope Fabian about 250 divided the regions of Rome among the deacons, creating ecclesiastical districts. Probably these districts were provided with an edifice which was the centre of administration and served that pur- pose for several centuries after Constantine, although no traces of such buildings survi\e. The diaconice of the seventh century had nothing to do with these diaconal districts. In the fourth century, although the domus Laleranensis was the chief Christian edifice of the city, Rome possessed several places of assembly for the Christian community, which Anmiianus Mar- cellinus calls conventicidn clirixliiimirum. In time the unity of the presbyterium was lirokcn and other eccle- siastical groups were created within the city,similar to the present city parishes independent of one another and dependent on a common centre, under the direc- tion of presbyters permanently appointed. To each one a basilica was assigned, dominicum domus Dei; the presbyters resided near this edifice, which in the language of archaeology is called tilulus. The most ancient text which .alludes to a titulus is the apology of St. Ath.anasius against the Arians (xx). The most .ancient inscript ion relat ing t o a t it ulus goes back t o a. D. 377. The Liber Pontificalis attributes the found.ation of the tituli to different popes of the first h;df of the fourth century, and this information, which seems genuine, is in p.art confirmed by inscriptions and by the names given to the churches. The lilidi ])resby- terales therefore go back to the peace of the Church; they were not founded all at one time, but followed the progress of the Christian propag;inda among the people of Rome. At the close of the fifth century there were twenty-five tituli; the Liber Pontificalis confirms this nimiber and attributes their foundation to Pope Evaristus at the beginning of the second cen- tury. The List titulus recorded in the Liber is (hat of Vestina under Innocent I. The report of the Council
