TODESCHINI
754
TOKIO
the evolution of the Liberal ideas of the middle of the
nineteenth century. After Tocqueville's death Gus-
tave de Beaumont collected his works in nine volumes.
Tocqueville's memoirs of the Republic of 1848 were
published in 1893, his correspondence with Gobineau
in 1908.
De Beaumont, Notice sur Alexis de Tocquevillc (Paris, 1897) ; d'Eichthal, Tocquevillc et la democratie liberale (Paris, 1897); Faguet, Politiques et moralistes du 19e siecle, 3rd series (Paris, 1900) ; AIarcel. Essai politique sur Alexis de Tocqueville (Paris, 1910); Falloux, Correspondance d' Alexia de Tocqueville avec Mme Swetchine in Correspondant (25 Feb., 1866) ; Baunard, La foi et ses vicloires, II (Paris, 1884).
Georges Goyau.
Todeschini, Francesco. See Pius III, Pope.
Todi, Diocese of (Tudertina), in Central Italy, is immediately dependent on the Holy See. The city of Todi stands on a steep hill commanding the valley of
The Cathedral, Todi
Built, XIII Century; restorer!, XIV and XV
the Tiber. Its triple walls may still be seen ; the inner- most, built of rough grey travertine stone, is of Um- brian or Etruscan origin; the middle wall is Roman, and the outside wall dates from the sixth or seventh century. The cathedral, in Lombard style, contains ten pillars of oriental marble. S. Fortunata is a splendid specimen of Italian Gothic. S. Maria della Consolazione, one of the most harmonious works of the Renaissance, w-as begun in 1508 by Cola Mat- teuccio; the cupola was constructed in 1606. The church of the Servites of Mary contains the body of St. Philip Benizi, whose statue is the work of Bernini. Almost all the churches possess pictures by Pohnari, a native of Todi. The communal hall (1267) is also worthy of notice. On the pre-Roman coins the city is called Tuterc; the Romans called it Tuder, or Tuder- tum. It was sacked by Crassus in the Civil War (83 B.C.); Augustus established a colony there. Dur- ing the war of the Goths it withstood Totila during a long and severe siege. The Lombards failed to cap- ture it, and Todi and Perugia remained the two chief fortresses defending the passage through the duchy from Rome to the Exarchate. It was included in
Pepin's donation to the Holy See. In the eleventh
century Todi was a repubhc, and in 1340 its municipal
statutes were drawn up by the jurisconsult Bartolo.
In the factions of the Middle Ages Todi was almost
always GhibelUne, and was in constant conflict with
Perugia. Boniface IX gave the city to the IMalatesta
of Rimini, but soon took it back. During the fifteenth
century it often changed rulers — Biondo Michelotti,
Pandolfo Malatesta, Francesco Sforza (1434), Pic-
cinino, Gabriello Catalan! (Guelph), who was treach-
erously slain (1475). The city fell into the hands of
Giordano Orsini, who was expelled by Cardinal Giu-
liano della Rovere (Julius II). The factions were
ended by the agreement of the Chiaravalle and the
Atti. In 1503 the Orsini were again expelled, on
which occasion the fortre.ss of Gregory IX, reputed
impregnable, was destroyed.
Todi is the birthplace of Fra Jacopone, the adver- sary of Boniface VIII and supposed author of the "Stabat Mater", and of the humanist Antonio Pasini (Antonio da Todi). The city honours several mar- tyrs, its bishops, among whom are St. Terentius, or Terentianus, martyred under Diocletian. Other bishops are: St. CaUistus, kiUed by the Goths, suc- ceeded by Fortunatus, whose body was taken to France; Theophylactus (787), sent by Pope Adi'ian to England and to the Council of Frankfort (794); Rustico Brancaleone (1179), several times a papal legate; Rainuccio degU Atti (1326), expelled from the city by the paitisans of Nicolas V, the antipope; Andrea degli Atti (1356), the restorer of ecclesiastical discipUne; GugUelmo Dallavigna (1405), who tried to induce the antipope Benedict XIII to renounce his claim; Bartolomeo Aglioni (1436), imprisoned dm-ing the troublesome times; Marcello Sante (1606), who erected the seminary; Carpegno (1638), who promoted study and discipline; Cardinal Ulderico; Cardinal Giambattista Altieri (1643), brother of Clement X, a famous canonist; the brothers Filippo (1709) and Ludovico Gualtieri (1719), who erected a new semi- nary; Francesco M. Pasini (1760), under whom the restoration of the cathedral was completed. The diocese contains 49,200 inhabitants, 98 parishes, 97 secular and 15 regular piiests, 6 religious houses of men and 8 of women, 1 boys' college, and 2 girls' schools.
Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia, XXII (Venice, 1857); Leoni, MeTtwrie storiche de Todi (Todi, 1860).
U. Benigni.
Tokio, Archdiocese of (Tokiensis), comprises 21 pnuincps or 15 departments with a population of over 16,(100,000 inhabitants. From 1866 until 1876 Japan formed only one vicariate Apostolic administered by Mgr Petitjean, the first vicar ApostoUc of the coun- try (1866-1884). In 1876 it was divided into two vicariates; that of South Japan, extencUng from Biw:a Lake to the Loochoo Islands, with Mgr Petitjean at Osaka, and that of North Japan, comprising the north- ern provinces from Biwa Lake to the Kurile Islands, ruled by MgrOsouf (1876-1906), the new vicar Apos- tolic, residing at Tokio. In 1S91 Leo XIII estab- lished the ecclesiastical hierarchy in Japan, and erected the Diocese of Hakodate out of the eight most northern provinces and the Yezo, Sado, and Kurile Islands. The same year Mgr Osouf was created Archbishop of Tokio, with the Bishops of Nagasaki, Osaka, and Hakodate as his suffragans. WTien, in 1866, Mgr Petitjean visited the territory of the future Archdiocese of Tokio, he found only two missionaries at Yokohama, where they had built a church (1862) especially for the use of foreigners, J:ipaneso converts numberiiig onlv a few dozens. The :ictual e\-pansion took place during the thirty years of Mgr Osouf's ad- ministration. It was also Mgr Osouf who erected the cathedral of Tokio (1878), and wiis the first envoy of the pope to the mikado, to whom Leo XUl, 12 Sept., 1885, had him present an autographic letter. The
