TOUETUS
773
TOMB
SCHlus, System des kathol. KirchenrechtSiV (Berlin, 1895): Piqge,
Die religidse Toleram Friedrichs des Grossen (Mainz, 1899);
TiMPE, hie kirchenpolilische Afisickten u. Beslrebungen des Kardi-
rials Bellarmin (Munstor, 1905): Hermelink, Toleranzgedanken
im RefoTmationszeHalter (Leipzig, 1908): Beven, The Birth and
Growth of Toleration (London, 1909); Pohle in Staatslezikon der
GSrresgesellschaJt, I (1908), s. v. Bekenntnisfreiheit.
IV. Concerning Political Toleration; von Kettelek. Freiheit, Autoritat u. Kirche (Mainz, 1862): Montalembert. L'cglise libre dane fllat libre (Paris, 1863); Walter, Naturrecht u. PvHtik im Lichte der Gegenwart (Bonn, 186:^); Escher, Handbiich der praktischen Politik (Leipzig, 186:^); Rauscher, Der Stoat ohne Gott (Vienna, 1865); Trendelenburg, Naturrecht auf dem Orunde der Elhik (2nd cd., Leipzig. 1868); Liheratore, La chiesa e lo stato (Naples, 1871); Heroenboteieu, Knihal. Kirche u. chrisll. Staat (Freiburg, 1S7.V 7i u i i,, ,</,.■ r, Kirche (Leipzig, 1873); Martens, Die /J,j.- '"ung, Nebenordnung u.
Unterordiiunq zivi^r),, /, ' ^t iittgart, 1877) ; Maas-
8EN, C/c6er Kirr Ar n . ' p ' - - '-,/ ) ir.iz. 1876): von Scherer, Handbuch des Kirchrhrfrhls. I niraz. 1NS(>); voN Treitschke, Politik, I (Leipzig, 1897J; Haring, Kirche u. Staat (MUnster, 1907); VON Hertling, Recht. Staat u, Gesetlschaft (Freiburg, 1907); Roscher, Politik (3rd ed., Stuttgart, 1908): Kohler, Kathoticismus w. moderner Staat (1908); TroeltsCH, Politische Ethik u. Chrislentitm (1909); Niehues, Gesch, des Verh&Unisses zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum im AfittelaUer (Miinster, 1877- 87): RoQi'AiN, I.u imjHiulf' 'lu mnytji'Aije. Etudes sur le pouvoir p,./,.'.'? ,■/ I'.ri. l---^! , rii : ■, i~. ii: I, i; ,h. der neueren Slaats- g':"n '■ "' w! ■ I \; III ii 1—! 1\ihrbin, Die Anfgaben ^ dir ■ : I . I L-, 1882); Chr. Pesch,
C'tin ': >.■,'/,/- IriiiiiiiL' l^^/' I ' )i^TKyxv, Grutidrecht der RebguiT'sjmhrif (l.nipzip, 1.^1)1); Has. Klitdes sur les rapports de I'igiise et de felat el sur leur separation (.St. Quentin. 1882); ScHAFF, church and State in the United States or the American Idea 0.1 Religious Liberty and its Practical Effects (New York, 1888); Jannet and Kampfe, Die Vereighigten Stanten von Amerika in der Gegenwart : SiTTEN, Institutionen u. Idccn seit dem Secessiom- krirge (Freiburg, 1893); Wappler, Die Trenmtng von Staat u. Kirche (Leipzig, 1907); Rothenbuchf.r, /)■ Trrnnung von Staat u. Kirche (Leipzig, 190S); S.VGMt'Ll.Kk, D . 7' . ,,,,„,; roii Slaat u. ftTiVcftf (Tubingen, 1909). Conceri.ini- l'..i, !>hv,he. Parildt u. ImparittU (Leipzig. 1892); Kahi,, ' /- v H.rlin. 1S9S):
Lilly and Wallis, .-l Manual of /' - l.^nr , jurialln affecting Catholics (London. 1893); Bachem. IMrilat in I'rensscn (2nd ed., Cologne, 1899) : Erzberger, Der Toleranzantrag des Zentrums im Deulschen Reichstag (Berlin, 1906).
J. Pohle.
Toletus, Fr.^nciscus. See Toledo, Francisco de.
Tolima. See Garz6n, Diocese of.
Tolomei, ,Iohn Baptist, distinguished Jesuit theo- liit;i:iii ;nnl cardiniil, b. of noble parentage, at. Cani- l)i'r;ii;i, between Pistoia and Florence, 3 Dee., 16.53; d. at Koine in the HouKin College, 1!) ,Ian., 172(), and was buried before the high :dl:ir of the Chureh of Saint Ignatius. At the age of fifteen, after an early .school- ing at Florence, he studied law at the University of Pisa; on IS PVb., 1673, he entered the Society of Jesus at Rome. He was master of eleven languages, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriae, Arabic, English, French, Spani.sh, lUyrian, and Italian. He began his l)ublic career at Home by expounding the Sacred Scriptures on Sunday evenings in the Church of the Gesi. At the age of thirty he was elected in the Gen- eral Congregation of the Jesuits a.s the procurator general of the order, which office he held for five years, relinquishing it to take the chair of philosophy at the Roman College. Here his lecture-room was thronged. His lectures were printed at Rome in 1696 under the title of "Philosophia mentis et sen- suura", and demonstrated that, while loyal to the principles and method of .Aristotle, he welcomed every di.scovery of his time in the natural .sciences and wove these into his (ourse. The lectures were reprinted in KiOS in Germany ;ind evoked the warmest encomiums from the .\i-:idrMiy of L(i|)zig as well lui from Leibniz. He later filled the chair of theology at the Roman College (now the Gregorian University) and renewed the courses in controversial dogma begun by Bellar- minc a century before. These lectures in MS. filled six volumes in folio but were never printed. Suc- cessively Rector of the Roman College and of the German College, he wa-s at the same time Consultor of the Congregations of Rites, of the Index, and of Indulgences, .is well a.s being one of the appointed examiners of bishops. On 17 May, 1712, unexpect- edly created cardinal by Clement XI, under the title of Santo Stcfano in Monte Ca'lio, he became chief
adviser to the pontiff in matters theological, particu-
larly in the preparation of the condemnation of the
errors of Quesnel. As cardinal he a.ssisted at the con-
claves which elected Innocent XllI and Benedict
XIII. His published works are the "Philosophia
mentis et sensuum" (with the addition of natural
theology and ethics, Rome, 1702), "De primatu
beati Petri" (in the second series of the miscellany
printed from the manuscripts in the library of the
Roman College, Rome, 1S67), and ;i lit lie pamphlet
containing "Daily Prayers for a ILippy Death" (in
Latin, Vienna, 1742; also in German, Augsburg,
18.56).
HuRTEH, Nnmenclator literarius. IV (Innsbruclc, 1910); Som- MERVouEL, Bibliotheque de la compagnie de Jesus, VIII (Brussels. 1898).
Charles Macksey.
Tomb, a mcmoi'ial for the dead at the place of burial, customary, esjiecially for dist ingui.shed persons, among nearly all peoples. It is of much importance in the history of art because the development of
Elastic art can e traced almost in its entirety by means of tombs, for the tombs, having, as a rule, been erected in churches, are bet- ter preserved. Apart from t he sepulchral slabs in the Catacombs, sarcophagi orna- mented with por- traits, and scat- tered examples "f mausolea, tomli- raay be divi into four spec i;tl classes.
The first class consists of tombs with recumbent tombstones ; among such arc ' '
the stone or metal plates inserted in the flooring of churches. These are the oldest Christian monuments. Originally, at least in Germany, they were ornamented with a cross h.aving a long shaft; from the eleventh century they also bore the figure of the deceased. The monumental metid plate of the tomb of King Rudolph of Swabia (d. lO.Sl), in the cathednU of Merseburg, is of this era. During the (iothic period an engr.aved brass plate was the favourite sepulchral monument, while the Renaissance returned to the plate cast in relief, such as the plates by Peter Vischer of Nurem- berg.
The second class consists of detached altar-tombs, that is, a raised tomb containing the body of the deceased. One variety rises like a table above th(! pl:u'e of buri;d. Uom:uies<|Ue art generally left the side w;dls of the ;il(:ir-lomb without orniiment, while Gothic arl adorned them with numerous small figures,
- is those of relatives, mourners, praying figures, and
allegorical forms. On the lid the decea.sed was repre- sented at full length. Numerous examjiles are lo be found in all the medieval cathedrals and monastic churches. Even England, where there .are but scanty plastic rem:' ins, has a rich treasure of such monuments. Probably no altar-tomb is more cele- brated than that of Emperor Maximilian at Inn.s- bnick. Another worthy of mention is Charles the Bold's tomb at Dijon by Claus Sluter. More elabo- rate monuments have frequently an additional strui;-
