TOULOUSE
796
TOULOUSE
known as Raymond de Saint Gilles (1042-1105), was
one of the leaders of the First Crusade. Concerning
the leanings of Raymond VI and Raymond VII,
Counts of Toulouse, towards the Albigensian heresy,
and concerning the death of Simon of Montfort in
1218 under the walls of Toulouse, see Albigenses.
At this time Toulouse had as bishop Fulk of Marseilles
(1206-31), who fought against Raymond VI and pro-
tected the Friars-Preachers in their early days. The
marriage (1249) of Jeanne, daughter of Raymond VII,
with Alphonse de Poitiers, brother of King Louis IX,
led to the uniting in 1271 of the County of Toulouse
to the Crown of France, and Toulouse became the
capital of the Province of Languedoc. The See of
Toulouse was for a time made illustrious by St. Louis
(1296-97), son of Charles II, King of Naples and the
Two Sicilies, and of Mary, daughter of the King of
Hungary: he was nephew of St. Elizabeth of Hun-
gary and grand-nephew of St. Louis King of France.
Louis had resigned to his brother Robert all rights
over the Kingdom of Naples, and had accepted from
Boniface VHI the See of Toulouse after donning the
habit of St. Francis. His successor was Peter de la
Chapelle Taillcfer (129S-1312) who was created car-
dinal in 1305. To this epoch belongs a very impor-
tant change that took place in the history of the Dio-
cese of Toulouse. It decreased in size but increased
in dignity. Before 1295 the Diocese of Toulouse was
very extensive. At the beginning of the thirteenth
century Bishop Fulk had wished for the sake of reli-
gion to divide it into several dioceses. In 1295 a
portion of territory was cut off by Boniface VIII to
form the Diocese of Pamiers. Then in 1319 John
XXII cut off the Diocese of Toulouse from the metro-
pohtan church of Narbonne and made it a metro-
politan with the Sees of Montauban, Saint-Papoul,
Rieux, and Lombez as suffragans; a little later Lavaur
and Mirepoix aLso became suffragans of Toulouse.
The majority of these sees were composed of territory
cut off from the ancient See of Toulouse itself.
John XXII offered the See of Riez in Provence to Gaillard de Preyssac, Bi-shop of Toulouse since 1305, whom he suspected of having conspired against him with Hugues Giraud, Bishop of Cahors. Gaillard refused the offer, and retired to Avignon where he died in 1327. The first archbishop was Raymond de Comminges, Bishop of Maguelonne from 1309, who, when created cardinal in 1327, abandoned the See of Toulouse and went to Avignon where he died in 1348. He left a book on the "Passion of the Saviour", and some "Sermons for Festival Days". Among his successors were; the Dominican William de Laudun (1327-45), previously Bishop of Vienne; Raymond de Canilhac (1345-50), cardinal in 1350; Cardinal Francis de Gozie (1391-92); Bernard du Rosier (1451-74), author of iwo treatises on the temporal power of the pope and on the liberty of the Church, and who founded at Toulouse the "College de Foix" for the support of twenty-five poor scholars, where he collected one of the first libraries of the period ; John of Orleans (1503-33), cardinal in 1533. Protestantism entered Toulouse in 1532 through foreign students. As early as 1563 the Catholics of Toulouse founded a league to uphold the prerogatives of Catholicism, pro- tected by the Parlement but icojiartlized by certain Protestant town-councillors. From 1586 to 1595 the League party under Montmorency, Governor of Lan- guedoc, and the Duke de Joyeuse held control in Tou- louse. The rule of Henry IV was definitively recog- nized there in 1596. During this period of religious unrest Toulouse had many notable archbishops: Gabriel de Gramont (1533-34), cardinal in 1530; Odet de Chatillon, Cardinal de Coligny (1534-50), who became a Calvinist, married in 1564, and died in 1571; Anthony Sanguin (1550-59), Cardinal de Meudon in 15:59; Georges d'Armagnac (1562-77), cardinal in 1544; Franjois de Joyeuse (1584-1605),
cardinal in 1583 and who conducted the negotiations
between Henry IV and the Holy See.
Among subsequent archbishops we may mention: Louis de Nogaret (1614-27), Cardinal de Lavalette in 1621, but who never received orders and from 1635 to 1637 led part of the French troops in the Thirty Years War; Charles de Montchal (1628-51), who in 1635 upheld the decision of the Holy See, against the opinion of the majority of the Assembly of Clergy, that the marriages of princes of the blood contracted with- out royal consent were not nuU; Pierre de Marca (1652-62), who under Louis XIII aided largely in the re-estabhshment of Cathohcism in Beam, in 1621 became president of the Parlement of Beam, was afterwards made Councillor of State by Louis XIII, and wrote a work of GaUican tendency "De concordia Sacerdotii et Imperii", a voluminous work on Spain and especially on the Province of Tarragona, and a commentary on the Psalms; he was secretary to the Assembly of the Clergy of France of April, 1656, which drew up a formula condemning the Five Propositions drawn from the "Augustinus", and he died in 1662 just as he was about to take possession of the See of Paris; Pierre de Bonzy (1672-73), cardinal in 1672; Charles Antoine de Laroche Aymon (1740-52), car- dinal in 1771; Etienne Charles de Lomenie (1763-89), Cardinal de Brienne in 1788; Anne de Clermont Ton- nerre (1820-30), cardinal in 1822; Paul d'Astros (q. v.) (1830-51), cardinal in 1850; Julien De,sprez (1859- 95), cardinal in 1879; Frau5ois Desire Mathieu (1896- 99), cardinal in 1899, was a member of the French Academy, wrote the history of Lorraine under the anden regime, of the Concordat of 1801-2, and of the Conclave of 1903; he died in 1908.
II. Diocese of Comminges. — The earliest Bishop of Comminges we know of is Suavis, who assisted at the Council of Agde in 506 ; but Sidonius ApoUinaris speaks of the persecutions suffered at the hands of the Arian Goths in the fifth century by the bishops of Comminges. St. Affricus (c. 540), who died in the Rouergue, ia wrongly included among the bishops of Comminges. Among the bishops of Comminges were : St. Bertrand of Comminges (1073-1123), grandson of Raymond Taillefer, Count of Toulouse, previously archdeacon of Toulouse, and who built the cathedral of Comminges and restored the town; Bertrand de Goth (129.5-99), who became pope under the name of Clement V; Bertrand de Cosnac (13.52-72), cardinal in 1372; Amelius de Lautrec (1384-90), cardinal in 1385; Pierre de Foix (1422-64), cardinal in 1437; John Cibd, who became pope in 1484 under the name of Innocent VIII, for a short time in 1467 held the title of Comminges; Cardinal Amanieu d'.\lbret, who was Bishop of Comminges in 1504 and 1507; Cardinal Carlo Caraffa, strangled in the pontificate of Pius IV, was probably Bishop of Comminges about the mid- dle of the sixteenth century; Urban de Saint-Gelais, who in 1586, without outside assistance and with the help of a cannon which he caused to be brought from Toulouse, captured the town from the Huguenots. In the church of St. Bertrand of Comminges baptism was administered with peculiar ceremonies: the bap- tismal water w;is kept in a large silver dove with wings displayed, and enclosed in a cupola surmounting the font; at the moment of baptizing the dove was lowered, by a pulley, over the head of the child and through its open beak the baptismal water was poured.
III. Diocese of Rieu.k. — The See of Rieux w;is founded in 1317, by cutting off a portion of the Dio- cese of Toulouse. The cathedral of Toulouse, dedi- cated to St. Stephen, is remarkable for the contrast between its choir and nave: the nave is Romanesque and was begiui in 1211 at the instigation of Count Ravmond \'l; the choir is Gothic, and was begun be- tween 1273 and 12S6 liy Bisliop Bertrand de I'lsle, and comijlcted in the fifteenth century. The church
