CAPECELATRO
17
CARDINAL
to the board of education. He offered, 16 Apr.,
1840, the resolution which estabhshed the Girls' High
School of Philadelphia. He served on the board of
education until 1840, when he was appointed, by
Governor David R. Porter, judge of the courts of
common pleas, orphan's court, and courts of oyer
and terminer, which po.sition he filled until 1 Jan.,
1851, when the judicial positions in Pennsylvania
became elective. Nominated for judge of the su-
preme court, at a period when Knownothingism and
anti-Catholic feeling was rife, he was defeated, al-
though his four colleagues on the Democratic ticket
were elected. Governor William Bigler appointed
him Attorney-General of Penn.sylvania, in which
office he .served until 4 Mar., 1853, when he entered
President Pierce's Cabinet as postmaster-general,
serving until 4 Mar., 1857. In 1861 he was a candi-
date for the United States senate against Charles R.
Buckalew but w;is defeated by one vote. In 1873 he
was elected a member of the Constitutional Conven-
tion of Pennsj'lvania, but declined to serve owing to
the condition of his health. For twenty-five years he
was president of the board of trustees of Jefferson
Medical College, and for forty-five years was Vice-
president of Saint Joseph's Orphan Asylum, the oldest
incorporated Roman Catholic asylum in the United
States, chartered in 1807. On 3'Sept., 1869, he was
appointed by the judges of Philadelphia County a
member of the board of city trusts, which has under
its care 42 city trusts, including Girard College and
Wills' Eye Hospital. He served in these positions
until his death. Judge Campbell looked upon his obhga-
tions, whether as ijublic official or as trustee, as duties
of the highest order and of great value to society, and
he was a just and severe judge upon himself as to the
manner and the faithfulness with which these duties
were discharged. Even with all the cares that sur-
rounded him, he was always ready to respond to the
slightest call from any of the refuges of the poor and
the ill. He made visits almost daily to St. Joseph's
Orphan Asylum, to Girard College, and to the hos-
pital, examining conditions in detail, and considering
them with as much care as if they referred to his own
life or to the lives of those of his own household.
John M. Campbell.
Capecelatro, Alfonso, Cardinal, ArchbLshop of Capua, and ecclesiastical writer; b. at Marseilles, 5 Feb., 1824; d. 14 Nov., 1912. He was descended from the family of the dukes of Castel Pagano. His father served with distinction under Murat, adopted the political principles of the Napoleonic period, and voluntarily exiled himself to Malta and Marseilles, when Ferdinand of Naples, after his restoration by the Congress of Laibaeh, set about the repression of pohtical Liberalism. The family returned to Italy in 1826 and to Naples in 18:i0. At sixteen Alfonso entered the Oratory of St. Philip Neri at Naples. Ordained priest in 1847, he zealously devoted himself to the confessional, preaching, and various charitable enterprises, without, however, neglecting his ecclesi- astical studies, and giving especial attention to ecclesiastical history. He was more particularly drawn to St. Peter Damian, St. Catherine of Siena, St. Phihp Neri, and St. Alphonsus Liguori, the great figures who at various times represented religious revival in Italy, and whose biographies he wrote. He refuted Renan's "Life of Christ" then widely circulated in Italy, and afterwards himself published a "Life of .Icsus Christ", wherein without entering into details of criticism and polemics, he gathered the results of modern researches on the topography and the contemporary history, customs, usages, and opinions of the Hebrews. He devoted three volumes to an ex])osilion of Catholic doctrine and two to the Christian virtues, and published several volumes of sermons.
XVI.—?
Meanwhile he maintained personal relations with
various persons, particularly priests and religious
at Naples, among them the Franciscan Ludovicn
da Casovia, whose biography he wrote, anfl two
priests Persico and Casanova, with whom he often
discussed methods of catechetical instruction. He
corresponded with other Liberal Catholics, among
them Manzoni, Cesare CantCl, Dupanloup, and
Montalembert. These friendships indicated that
he was tending towards "Catholic Liberalism".
His own family antecedents better explained both
this and Capecelatro's "eonciliatorist" tendencies
after 1870. "These tendencies were not unknown to
Leo XIII, who, one year after his elevation to the
papacy, summoned the learned Oratorian to Rome,
together with Padre Luigi Tosti, and made him
assistant hbrarian, wishing thereby not only to
honour a learned man, but also to make use of him
for the work of reconciliation which occupied his
mind until 1887. In 1880 Capecelatro was appointed
Archbishop of Capua. There he passed his life in
the administration of his diocese, literary labours,
and works of charity. He was made a cardinal by
Leo XIII in 1885. In the pastoral letters and other
minor works published in the last years of his life
he treats the great questions of modern times,
especially those relating to public life in Italy. His
writings are distinguished by purity and simplicity
of style. He received some votes in the conclave
of 1903. He had no influence in ecclesiastical
politics; but his correspondence will unquestionably
supply valuable material for the politico-reUgious
history of Italy in his time. Cardinal Capecelatro,
particularly in recent years, was overwhelmed by the
course of events and by that Modernist crisis which
had long been preparing and so violently burst out
in the Church. He remained immured in his old
ideal of "God and Liberty", in the old dream of
"the pope arm-in-arm with the King of Italy".
He did not understand the new movement and the
hard lessons which it brought with it. But that did
not prevent Pius X from calling him with reason,
on the occasion of his canlinalilial jubilee, "a learned
theologian, an elegant and prf)lific writer, a scrupulous
hagiographer, and, as a bishop, a tender and com-
passionate father' .
U. Benigni.
Capocci, Gaetano, musical composer and maestro, b. in Rome, 16 Oct., 1811; d. there, 11 Jan., 1898. As a boy he studied the organ under Sante Pascoli, organist of St. Peter's, Rome, and he completed his musical studies under Valentino Fioravanti and Francesco Cianciarelli. In 1831 he was granted a diploma as organist by the Academy of St. Cecilia, and, in 1833, he received a diploma in the art of composition. Almost immediately he was appointed organist of the Church of St a Maria Maggiore, in 1839. So successful was he that in 1855 he was appointed marstrn direttore of the Cappella Pia of the Lateran, where he laboured with conspic- uous distinction during the remainder of his life. Solely devoted to church music, Capocci composed numerous masses and motets. He also wrote two oratorios, "Battista" and "Assalonne". His chief fame rests on his " Responsori " for Holy Week. His son I^ilippo (b. 11 May, 1840) has even ecUpsed the fame of his father, whom he succeeded as maestro at the Lateran in 1808. Both as an organist and com- poser he r.anks high.
Grove. Did. of Munc and Afuaicmns, I (London, 1904), s. v.; Ddnstan, Vydopirdic Did. of Music {Lonrlon, 1909).
W. H. Grattan-Flood.
Cardinal. — Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913:
Aghardi, Antonio, Bishop of Albano; Aguirrc y Garcia, Gregorio Maria, Archbishop of Toledo;
