KEEWATIN
49
KICKHAM
been lost, such as the Acts of the Synod of Rath
Breasail at the beginning of the twelfth century when
Ireland was first divided into its modern dioceses.
Eugene O'Curry remarks that: "It would be more
becoming those who have drawn largely and often
exclusively on the WTitings of these two eminent men
(Father John Colgan and Dr. Geoffrey Keating) and
who will continue to draw on them to endeavour to
imitate their industry and scholarship than to at-
tempt to elevate themselves to a higher position of
literary fame by a display of critical pedantry and
what the}' suppose to be independence of opinion
in scoffing at the presumed croduhty of those whose
labours have laid in modern times the very ground-
work of Irish history."
The following is a list of the first complete editions of each of Keating's works: — "Tri Biorghaoithe an Hhiiis" (The Three Shafts of Death), ed. Robert Atkinson, LL.D., for the RojmI Irish Academy (Dub- hn, 1S90); " Eochairsciath an Aifrinn", ed. Patrick O'Brien (Dublin, 1895); "Ddnta, Amhrdin is Ca- ointe" (Poems, Songs and Elegies), ed. Rev. John C. MacErlean, S.J., for the Gaehc League (Dublin, 1900); "Forus Feasa ar fiirinn" (The History of Ire- land), text and translation, ed. David Comyn, vol. I (London, 1902), and Rev. Patrick S. Dineen vol. II and III (London, 1908), for the Irish Texts Society (London); "Psaltair Mhuire", ed. Richard Foley, serially in the "Irish Rosary" (Dublin), .\ugust, 1908-August, 1909. None of these works has been translated into English except the "His- tory", of which three different complete English trans- lations have been pubhshed : by Dermod O'Connor (London, 172.3), frequently reprinted ; by John O'Ma- hony (New York, 1886), second edition, and by David Comyn and Rev. P.S. Dinneen (London. 1902-1908).
Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (1619): G. F. [John Roche], VindiciT Hibernim, etc. (Antwerp, 1621); the anonymous Dia- aertation prefixed to the Clanrickarde Memoirs (London, 1722) ; MacCjJeogbegan, //isioirede r/rtondeancienne el modeme (Paris, 175S). 63; Ordinance Survey Letters, Co. Derry (1835); Bubke in Journal of the Waterford Archieological Society (1895-1907). For Lives of Geoffrey Keating see Henbgan in Mor^ri. Diciionnaire historique (Paris, 1759) ; Halliday. preface to Forus Feasa ar Eirt'nn (Dublin. 1811): Mac Eblean. preface toDnn'a. Amhrdin, is Caninle Shealhruin Ciitinn (Dublin, 1900); FoLEV, Saoglmlrt Shealhr,iin CMinn (Dublin, 1908). j^gj, MacErlE.^N.
Keewatin, Vicariate Apostolic of, includes the northern half of the Province of Saskatchewan, and is bounded on the north by the Arctic regions, on the south by the .\rchdiocese of St. Boniface, on the east by Temiskaming Vicariate, and on the west by the Diocese of St. Albert and the Vicariate of Athabaska. The country in general is barren and uninteresting, though possessing some timber and mineral resources; it is sparsely inhabited by Indians, half-breeds, and a few whites. It was first visited by pioneer mission- aries in the nineteenth century, when Mgr. Pro- vencher. Bishop of St. Boniface, sent Abb(^ Thibault to Ile-a-la-Crosse (184.5), .\bb6 Lafleche (later Bishop of Three Rivers) to explore the Cumberland district (1846), and Father Tach6, O.M.I, (later Archbishop of St. Boniface), to join Lafleche at Ile-i-la-Crosse (1846), and thence visit Lake Caribou (1847). These and surrounding missions were subsequently served by Oblates of the Manitoba or Alberta-vSaskatchewan Provinces. Prominent among these since 1887 has been the Rev. Ovide Charlebois who.«e administrative capacities, proved during sixteen years' ministry at Fort Cumberland, led in 19(X) to his nomination as Visitor of the Cumberland District Indian Missions in 1903, to his appointment as director of Duck Lake Indian Industrial school, .and, in 1010, to his preconiza- tion as titular Bishop of Berenice and Vicar Apostolic of Keewatin, with residence at Le Pas. There are in the vicariate; I.t Ob!;ite Fathers of Mary Immaculate, ,8 Oblate Brothers of Mary fmm:iculate, 12 Orey Nuns (Montreal), 10 Oblate Sisters of the Sacred Heart .and Mary Immaculate (St. Boniface), 4 Grey Nuns (St. XVl-4.
Hyacinth), 10 churches with 16 out-stations; 11,000
Indians, Montagnais, Cree, and Esquimaux, of whom
7000 are Catholics and 5000 non-Catholics or pagans
(chiefly Esquimaux). Indian boarding-schools at Nor-
way House (Oblate Sisters, 20 pupils), Lac Laplonge
[Grey Nims (Montreal), 50 pupils], a general hospital
at Le Pas [Grey Nuns (St. Hyacinth), 25 beds], a
Cathohc (French-Enghsh) school at Le Pas [Grey
Nuns (St. Hyacinth) ].
Tach^, Vingt annees dc missions; Benoit, Vie de Mgr. Tachi, I (Montreal), passim; Charlebois, Debuts d'un evtque mission- naire (Montreal). j_ ^ Q^^^^_
Kickham, Charles Josei'h, patriot, novelist, and poet, b. at Mullinahone, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1828; d. at Blackrock, Co. Dubhn, 22 Aug., 1882. He was the son of John Kickham, a wealthy draper of MuUina- hone, and Anne O'Mahony, lovingly described in his novel "Sally Cavanagh", a kinswoman of the Fenian chief, John O'Mahony. When he was about fifteen years old, his siglit and hearing were permanently injured by the explosion of a flask of damp gun- powder which he was drying. He took part in the Young Ireland Movement in 1848, and helped to found the Confederate Club at Mullinahone. After the failure of the rising at Ballingarry, near his home, he was forced to hide for a time. A little later he joined the Tenant Right League, and when it failed he lost faith in legal agitation. He joined the Fenians about 1860, and was appointed one of the editors of "The Irish People", the organ of the Fenian Party, along with John O'Leary and T. C. Luby. Arrested at Fairfield House, Sandymount, Dublin, 11 Mar., 1865, he was tried for treason felony at Dublin, 5 Jan., 1856, and sentenced by Judge Keogh to fourteen years' penal ser\-itude. On his way to his cell he picked up a piece of paper from the ground. It was a picture of the Blessed V'irgin. He kissed it reverently, saying to the warder: "I have been accustomed to have the likeness of the Mother of God morning and evening before my eyes since I was a child. Will you aak the governor if I may keep this?" His health, always weak, gave way in prison, but he bore up bravely. The question of his ill-treatment in prison was raised in Parliament (7-26 May, 1867) by John Francis Maguh-e, M.P. for Cork, and, from sohtary confinement at Pentonville, Kickham was removed to the invalid prison at Woking, and finally released in March, 1869, when his health had been shattered and he had practically lost his eyesight. He was returned as member of Parliament for Co. Tipperary (1869), but defeated upon a scrutiny, 26 Feb., 1870. Thenceforth he con- fined himself to literary work.
Kickham contributed largely to Irish national periodicals, such as "The Nation" (1848), "The Irishman" (1849-.50), "The Celt" (1857), another paper called "The Irishman" (1858), "The Irish People" (1865), "The Shamrock", "The Irish Monthly" (1881). His articles in these papers ap- peared over various signatures, e. g. "K. MulUna- hone", "C. J. K.", "Slievenamon", "J." "Momonia". His best known poems are: "The Priest and his People"; "Rory of the HiU"; "The Irish Peasant Girl", who hke himself "Uved beside the Anner at the foot of Slievenamon"; and "Patrick Sheehan". Among his shorter prose writings are his "Memoir of Edward Walshe"; "Poor Mary Maher"; "Annie O'Brien"; "Never Give Up"; "Joe Lonergan's Trip to the Lower Regions". During his imprisonment he wrote his first novel, "Sally Cavanagh or the Untenanted Graves" (published in 1869 with a portrait of the author), a .simple tale of love among the sm.all f.aniier cla.ss, describing the tragic rcsiihs of landlordism and emigration but enlivened with touches of humour. "Knocknagow or the Homes of Tipperary" (1879) is his masterpiece, and is con- sidered by many the greatest of Irish novels. It
