ASSYRIA
11
ASSYRIA
Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and Calah".
Till quite recently the most commonly accepted
interpretation of this passage was that ^\ssur left
Babylonia, where Nemrod (Ximrod) the terrible
was reigning, and settled in AssjTia, where he built
the cities of Nineveh, Rehoboth, Chale (Calah), and
Resen. Nowadaj's, however, this interpretation,
which is mainly based on the Vulgate version, is
abandoned in favour of the more probable one. accord-
ing to which Nemrod himself, the beginning of whose
kingdom was Babylon (Babel), Arach (Erech),
Achad (Accad), and Chalanne (Calneh), in Southern
Babylonia (Gen., x, 10), went up to Assyria (Assur
in this case being a geographical name, i. e. .\ss\Tia,
and not ethnographical or personal), and there he
built the four above-mentioned cities and founded
the .\ssyrian colony. Whichever of these two
interpretations be held as correct, one thing is certain:
that the .Assyrians are not only Semites, but in all
probability an offshoot of the Semitic Babylonians,
or a Babylonian colony; although, on account of
their apparently purer Semitic blood, they have
been looked upon by some scholars as an independent
Semitic offshoot, which, at the time of the great
Semitic migration from Arabia (c. 3000-2500
B. c), migrated and settled in Assyria. The first
AssjTian rulers known to us bore the title of Ish^hakxi
(probably "priest-prince", or "governor") and
were certainly subject to some outside power, pre-
sumably that of Babylonia. Some of the earliest
of these Islishaki known to us are Ishmi-Dagan and
his son Shamshi-Adad I (or Shamshi-Ramman).
The exact date of these two princes is uncertain,
although we may with reasonable certainty place
them about 1840-1800 B. c. Other Ishshaki are
Igur-Kapkapu, Shamshi-Adad II, Khallu, and
Irishum. The two cities of Nineveh and Assur were
certainly in existence at the time of Hammurabi
(c. 2250 B. c), for in one of his letters he makes
mention of them. It is significant, however, that
in the long inscription (300 lines) of Agumkakrime,
one of the Kassite rulers of Babylonia (c. 1650 B. c),
in which he enumerates the various countries over
which his rule extended, no mention is made of
AssjTia. Hence, it is probable that the beginning
of an independent AssjTian kingdom may be placed
towards the seventeenth centurj^ B. c. According
to an inscription of King Esarhaddon (681-668 B. c),
the first Assyrian Islishaku to assume the title
of King was a certain Bel-bani, an inscription of
whom, written in archaic Babylonian, was found by
Father Scheil. His date, however, cannot be deter-
mined.
Towards the fifteenth century B. c. we find Egyp- tian supremacy extended over Syria and the Mesopo- tamian valley; and in one of the royal inscriptions of Thothmes III of Egj-pt (1480-27 B. c). we find Assyria among his tributary nations. From the Tel-el-Amarna letters also we know that diplomatic negotiations and correspondences were frequent among the rulers of AssjTia, Babylonia, SjTia, Mitanni, and the Egj-ptian Pharaohs, especially Amenhotep IV. Towards this same period we find also the Kings of As.5jTia standing on an equal footing with those of Babylonia, and successfully contesting with the latter for the boundarj'-lines of their kingdom. About 1450 b. c. A.sshur-bel-nishe- shu was King of AssjTia. He settled the boundarj'- lines of his kingdom with his contemporarj' Kara- indash, Iving of Babj'lonia. The same treaty was concluded again between his successor, Puzur- As.shur, and Bumaburiash I, King of Babj'lon. Puzur-Asshur was succeeded bj' Asshur-nadin-Ahhe, who is mentioned bj' his successor, Asshur-uballit, in one of his letters to Amenhotep IV, King of Egypt, as his father and predecessor. During most ot the long reign of Asshur-uballit, the relations
between .Assyria and Babylonia contin\ied friendly,
but towards the end of that reign the first open
confiict between the two sister-countries broke out.
The cause of the conflict was as follows: Asshur-
uballit, in sign of friendship, had given his daughter,
Muballitat-sherua, for wife to the Kng of Babj'lonia.
The son born of this roj'al uruon, Kadashman-
Charbe bj' name, succeeded his father on the throne,
but was soon slain by a certain Nazi-bugash (or
Suzigash), the head of the discontented Kassite
party, who ascended the throne in his stead. To
avenge the death of his grandson the aged and
valiant monarch, Asshur-uballit, invaded Babj'lonia,
slew Nazi-bugash, and set the son of Kadashman-
Charbe, who was still verj' j'oung, on the throne of
Babylonia, as Kurigalzu II. However, towards the
latter part of his reign (c. 1380 B. c), Kurigalzu 11
became hostile to Assjfria; in consequence of which,
Belnirari, Asshur-ubaUit's successor on the throne
of AssjTia, made war against him and defeated him
at the city of Sugagu, annexing the northern part
of Babylonia to Assyria. Belnirari was succeeded
by his son, Pudi-ilu (c. 1360 b. c), v.ho undertook
several successful miUtarj' expeditions to the east
and south-east of Assj'ria and built various temples,
and of whom we possess few, but important, inscrip-
tions. His successor was Rannnan-nirari, who not
only strengthened the newlj'-conquered territories
of his two predecessors, but also made war and
defeated Nazi-Maruttash, King of Babylonia, the
successor of Kurigalzu II, adding a considerable
Babj'lonian territorj' to the newly arisen, but power-
ful, Assjrian Empire.
Towards the end of the fourteenth centurj- b. c. (about 1330-20 b. c.) Ramman-nirari was succeeded bj' his son Shalmaneser I. During, or about the time of this ruler, the once powerful Egj'ptian su- premacj' over SjTia and Mesopotamia, thanks to the brilliant militarj' raids and resistance of the Hittites, a powerful horde of tribes in Northern SjTia and Asia Minor, was successfullj' withstood and confined to the Nile Vallej'. With the Egj'ptian pressure thus removed from Mesopotamia, and the accession of Shalmjneser I, an ambitious and energetic monarch, to the throne of AssjTia, the Assjrian Empire began to extend its power westwards. Following the course of the Tigris, Shalmaneser I marched north- wards and subjugated manj' northern tribes; then, turning westwards, invaded part of north-eastern SjTia and conquered the Arami, or Aramaeans, of Western Mesopotamia. From there he marched against the land of Mu.sri. in Northern Arabia, adding a considerable territorj' to his empire. For strategic reasons he transferred the seat of his kingdom from the city of Asshur to that of Kalklii (the Chale, or Calah, of Genesis), fortj' miles to the north, on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and eighteen miles south of Nineveh. Shalmaneser I was succeeded by his son Tukulti-Ninib (c. 1290 b. c), whose records and inscriptions have been collected and edited by L. W. King of the British Museum. He was a valiant warrior and conqueror, for he not onlj' preserved the integrity of the empire but also extended it towards the north and north-west. He invaded and conquered Babj'lonia, where he established the seat of his government for fuUj' seven j'ears, during which he became obnoxious to the Babj'lonians, who plotted and rebelled against him, proclaiming a certain Ramman-shur-usur king in his stead. The Assj'rians themselves also became dissatisfied on account of his long absence from Assj'ria, and he was slain by his own nobles, who proclaimed his son, .Asshur-nasir-pal, king in his stead. After the death of this prince, two kings, Asshur-narrara and Nabu- daj'an by name, reigned over -\ssjTia, of whom, however, we know nothing. Towards 1210-1200 B. c. we find Bel-Kudur-usvu- and his successor.
