ATHANASIUS
37
ATHANASIUS
episcopate of St. Peter, and whose teachings had
succeeded in making dangerous headway, even among
"the consecrated virgins" of St. Mark's see (Epiph.
Haer., Ixix; See, Hist. EccL, I, vi), accused Bishop
Alexander of Sabellianism. Arius, who seems to have
presumed on the charitable tolerance of tlie primate,
was at length deposed (Apol. c. Ar., vi) in a synod
consisting of more than one hundred bishops of
Egypt and Libya (Depositio Ar., 3). The con-
demned heresiareh withdrew first to Palestine and
afterwards to Bithynia, where, under the protection
of Eusebius of Nicomedia and his other "CoUucian-
ists",he was able to increase his already remarkable
influence, while his friends were endeavouring to
prepare a way for his forcible reiiLstatement as priest
of the Alexandrian Church. Athanasius, though only
in deacon's orders, must have taken no subordinate
part in these events. He was the trusted secretary
and adviser of Alexander, and his name appears in
the list of those who signed the encyclical letter sub-
sequently issued by the primate and his colleagues
to offset the growing prestige of the new teaching,
and the momentum it was beginning to acquire from
the ostentatious patronage extended to the deposed
Arius by the Eusebian faction. Indeed, it is to this
party and to the leverage it was able to exercise at
the emperor's court that the subsequent importance
of Arianism as a political, rather than a religious,
movement seems primarily to be due.
The heresy, of course, had its supposedly philo- sophic basis, which has been ascribed by authors, ancient and modern, to the most opposite sources. St. Epiphanius characterizes it as a kind of revived Aristoteleanism (Haer., Ixvii and Ixxvi); and the same view is practically held by Socrates (Hist. Eccl., II, xxxv), Theodoret (Haer. Fab., IV, iii), and St. Basil (Adv. Eunom., I, ix). On the other hand, a theologian as broadly read as Peta\'ius (De Trin., I, viii, 2) has no hesitation in deriving it from Pla- tonism ; Nemnan in turn (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 109) sees in it the influence of Jewish prejiidices rationalized by the aid of Aristotelean ideas; while Robertson (Sel. Writ, and Let. of Ath. Proleg., 27) observes that the "common theology", which was invariably opposed to it, "borrowed its philosophical principles and metliod from the Pla- tonists. " These apparently conflicting statements could, no doubt, be easily adjusted; but the truth is that the prestige of Arianism never lay in its ideas. From whatever school it may have been logically derived, the sect, as a sect, was cradled and nurtured in intrigue. Save in some few instances, which can be accounted for on quite other grounds, its prophets relied more upon curial influence than upon piety, or Scriptural knowledge, or dialectics. That must be borne constantly in mind, if we would not move distractedly through the bewildering maze of events that make up the life of Athanasius for the next half century to come. It is his peculiar merit that he not only saw the drift of things from the very beginning, but was confident of the issue down to the last (Apol. c. Ar., c). His insight and courage proved almost as efficient a bulwark to the Christian Church in the world as did his singularly lucid grasp of traditional Catholic belief. His oi> portunity came in the year 32.5, when the Emperor Constantine, in the hope of putting an end to the scandalous debates that were disturbing the peace of the Church, met the ]jrelates of the entire Cath- olic world in council at Nica>a.
The great council convoked at this jimcture was something more than a pivotal event in the history of Christianity. Its sudden, and, in one sense, almost unpremeditated adoption of a q\iasi-philosophic and non-Scriptural term — dfj.ooij<not> — to express the charac- ter of orthodox belief in the Person of the historic Christ, by defining Him to be identical in substance, or
co-essential, with the Father, together with its confi-
dent appeal to the emperor to lend the sanction of
his authority to the decrees and pronouncements by
which it hoped to safeguard this more explicit pro-
fession of the ancient Faith, had consequences of the
gravest import, not only to the world of ideas, but
to the world of politics as well. By the official pro-
mulgation of the term homoousion, theological spec-
ulation received a fresh but subtle impetus which
made itself felt long after Athanasius and his su[i-
porters had passed away; while the appeal to the
secular .inn inaugurated a policy which endured
practically without change of scope down to the
publication of the Vatican decrees in our own time.
In one sense, and that a very deep and ^ ital one,
both the definition and the policy were inevitable.
It was inevitable in the order of religious ideas that
any break in logical continuity should be met by
inquiry and protest. It was just as inevitable that
the protest, to be effective, should receive some coun-
tenance from a power which up to that moment had
affected to regulate all the graver circiunstances of
life (cf. Harnack, Hist. Dog., Ill, 146, note; Bu-
chanan's tr.). As Newman has remarked: "The
Church could not meet together in one, without en-
tering into a sort of negotiation with the powers
that be; whose jealousy it is the duty of Christians,
both as individuals and as a body, if possible, to
dispel" (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 241).
Athanasius, though not yet in priest's orders, ac-
companied .Alexander to the council in the character
of secretary and theological adviser. He was not,
of course, the originator of the famous homoousion.
The term had been proposed in a non-obvious and
illegitimate sense by Paul of Samosata to the Fathers
at Antioch, and had been rejected by them as savour-
ing of materialistic conceptions of the Godhead (cf.
Athan., "De Svn.," xliii; Newman, "Arians, of the
Fourth Cent., ""4 ed., 184-196; Petav. "De Trin.,"
IV, V, § 3; Robertson, "Sel. Writ, and Let. Athan.
Proleg.", 30 sqq.).
It may even be questioned whether, if left to his own logical instincts, Athanasius would have sug- gested an orthodox revival of the term at all ("De Decretis", 19; "Orat. c. Ar. ",ii,32; "AdMonachos ", 2). His writings, composed during the forty-six critical years of his episcopate, show a very sparing use of the word; and though, as Newman (Arians of the Fourth Cent., 4 ed., 236) reminds us, "the authentic account of the proceedings" that took place is not extant, there is nevertheless abundant evidence in support of the common view that it had been imexpectedly forced upon the notice of the bishops, Arian and orthodox, in the great .synod by Constantine 's proposal to accept the creed submitted by Eusebius of Cxsarea, with the addition of the homoousion, as a safeguard against possible vagueness. The suggestion had in all prolj- ability come from Hosius (cf. "Epist. Eusebii. ", in the appendix to the " De Decretis", § 4; Soc, "Hist. Eccl.", I, viii; III, vii; Theod. "Hist. Eccl.", I, Athan.; "Arians of the Fourth Cent.", 6, n. 42; ovros tt/i/ ^y NiKo/? irlcTTiv i^iOtTo. says the saint, quoting his opponents); but Athanasius, in common with the leaders of the orthodox party, loyally accepted the term as expressive of the traditional sense in which the Church had always held Jesus Christ to be the Son of God. The conspicuous abilities displayed in the Niesan debates and the character for courage and sincerity he won on all sides made the youthful cleric henceforth a marked man (St. Greg. Naz., Orat., 21). His life could not be lived in a corner. Five months after the close of the council the Pri- mate of .\lexandria died; and Athanasius, quite as much in recognition of his talents, it would appear, as in deference to the death-bed wishes of the de- ceased prelate, was chosen to succeed him. His elec- tion, in spite of his extreme youth and the opposition
