CALDARA
155
CALDAS-BARBOSA
twenty-five j'eais. There are small native missions
in Kurseong, Darjeeling, Purneah, Jhargram, each
with a few hundred Catholics. During the famine
of 1866 Father Saparl gathered at Balasore a number
of native orphans. Later on the station of Khrishno-
chondropui was founded in the native state of Morb-
hunj. The number of Ouryia converts is about 1800.
There are two priests, one church in Balasore, 6 native
chapels, 5 schools with about 220 children. The
Sunderbunds missions were started in 1868 among
the Bengalis who cultivate the marshy swamps of the
Gangetic Delta, south of Calcutta. There are two
central stations with two priests each, Morapai and
Raghabpur; 3200 Bengali converts are spread over
a great many villages. There are 2 churches, 22 na-
tive chapels, 7 schools with 450 children. In the
Chotanagpore missions, west of Calcutta, the popu-
lation is mostly of Dravidian (Ouraons) or Mogul
(Mundas) origin with a few minor tribes. They be-
lieve in one Supreme God who, however, they say, is
so good that they need not trouble about him; they
worship the devil who can do them harm, and to him
they offer sacrifices. At the end of 1868 a priest
started a mission in Chaybassa without great success.
In February, 1876, another priest was sent to Ranchi
to take care of 200 Madrassee soldiers stationed there,
and opened a native mission in Buruma, in the direc-
tion of Chaybassa. The priest of Chaybassa started
then a mission in Burudi. in (lie direction of Ranchi.
It was only in 1885, when Father Lievens, the real
founder of the Chotanagpore mission, appeared on
the scene, that the mission began to make great prog-
ress. His policy, followed by his successors, was to
help the natives in every way, to protect them against
the tyranny of their landlords and the native police,
ami to feed them in times of scarcity. In return he
wanted them to send their children to his schools,
where they were trained as good Christians. The
Lutherans of the Gossncr Mission had been working
for more than fifty years in Chotanagpore, and had
met till then with great success. But tiny opposed in
vain Father Lievens's generous efforts. He never
spared himself, and within six years broke down in
health. He returned to Belgium in September, 1892,
and died at Louvain in November, 1893, of consump-
tion. But he had started the work on permanent
lines, and it did not die with him. Today there are in
Chotanagpore more than 100,000 converts, baptized
or catechumens; in the year 19(16-1907 more than
25,000 catechumens joined the Catholic Church. The
difficulty is to cope with such a number of cate-
chumens, to instruct them in the Faith, and to take
care of such a large number spread over an immense
country. There are fifteen stations with thirty
priests. In all these stations there are central schools;
in villages more important a catecliist and a school.
The four convents buill by the (Jrsulmes in Ranchi,
Khunti, Tongo, and Rengarih exercise a great influ-
ence for good in the family life of these neophytes.
Ranchi is the head quarters of the mission, and has a
central boys' school for select pupils from the 'lis
trlcts, an Apostolic school to train catechistfl and help
.us to the priesthood, a in I a cent ra I girls' school,
where the native Daughters of St. Ann are trained
under the [Trsuline nuns. The needs of this mission
may be summed up in these two words: men and money. More men and more money would allow the mission to est, •ml indefinitely the field of operations westwards, so as to create a zone of Catholic country
the whole of India from Calcutta to Bombay. This mission has 8 churches, 28] Dative chapels, 85 .. with more than 3000 pupils.
Propaganda press, 1907), 202-4; Battandier, In" ;><<><' oath. (Pans. 1807), .'17; Werner, Orbis terror n' I reiburg. 18801; Stkf.it.
Atlas des Missions Catholigua (Steyl, Holland; 1908); Hunter. tal Account at Bengal 1 20 vols., London. 1M771 anil History of British India (annual, London, isa'j — ); Statistical • i'or British India; W'lhU\U9,.\fodern India (1879) ; Idem ,
Religious Thought and /../.- in India (1883); Statesman' sY ear-
Book (London, 1907). 136 7!) For the minor .veins of the
history of the Bengal Mission, see the tiles of (he Bengal
Catholic Exmsitor (1839-18401; Bengal Catholic Herald MU-
ST); IndO-Europenn f.irr. iponih nee I | St'io - 1902). In 1903
the name of the last paper was ehainie.l to Tie fatliolic
Herald of India; it is published weekly in Calcutta.
Leopold Delaunoit.
Caldara, Polidoro (da Caravaggio), an Italian painter, b. at Caravaggio, 1492 (or 1495); d. at Messina, 1543. He passed his boyhood in poverty and misery, leaving Caravaggio when eighteen years old to seek work. Going to Rome, he was employed to carry mortar for the artists in the Vatican who were painting frescoes for Leo X. He watched them copying Raphael's designs, and soon emulated them so successfully that he attracted Raphael's attention and became his pupil. Maturino and Udine, for whom he prepared plaster, were his first instructors. He studied the antique, and the friezes and other ornaments he made for Raphael's pictures are noted for their appropriateness and Athenian purity. Cal- dara was the first of the Roman masters to employ chiaroscuro, probably from his profound study of the antique; and colour was a secondary consideration with him. He decorated I he exterior of many Roman palaces in sgraffito, a form of painting where, over a dark background, often stucco, a lighter-coloured layer was painted, and designs, scratched through the light layer, only showed dark on light (en camaieu).
These designs are known to-day only from repro- ductive etchings and engravings from the hands of Albert! and Goltzius. When Rome was sacked in 1527, Caldara went to Naples, where he was helped by Andrea da Salerna. He started a school and re- ceived many commissions for frescoes. He left Naples for Sicily and in Messina attained great success. He painted the triumphal arches erected on the return of Charles V from Tunis, and in 1534 produced his masterpiece, " Christ Bearing the Cross". This oil is grand in conception and composition, and is treated in a far more naturalistic style than any of his other paintings. One of his "Magdalens" is celebrated for its beautiful landscape background. He was about to return to Rome (1543) when his Sicilian servant murdered him for his money. Naples and Messina possess many of his paintings. Some of his note- worthy works are: friezes in the Vatican; "Psyche received into Olympus", in the Louvre, Paris; "Pass- age of the Red Sea", in the Brera. Milan.
Lippman, Engraving and Etching, tr. Bardie (New York, 1906); I.i hkk. Oeschtchte der italienischen Afalerei (Stuttgart, 1878); Mother, History of Painting, tr. Kriehn; WoknYm! Epochs of Painting Characterized (London. Is |7 ■
Leigh Hunt.
Caldas-Barbosa, Dominqos, a Brazilian poet, b. of a white lather :m. I a nemo mother at Rio Janeiro in 1740; d. in Lisbon, 9 Nov., 1800. Trained at the Jesuit college in Rio Janeiro, he developed a power of literary improvisation which he indulged at the ex- pense of the Portuguese whites and thereby stirred
them up against him. His enemies had him forcibly enrolled in a body of troops setting forth for the colony of Sacramento, where he remained until 17(12.
Returning to Rio Janeiro he soon embarked for Port u-
gal, and there obtained the patronage of two nobles ol the Vasconcellos family, the Condi' de I'ombeiro and the Marqucz de Castello Melhor. Taking minor
orders he received a religious benefice, being at- tached as chaplain to the Casa da Supplicacao
Although he was a mulatto, he obtained enti into high society in the Portuguese capital, chiefly be- cause he was a clever entertainer who could improvise
cantigas and piny bis own accompaniment I <
Hence the somewhat humiliating sobriquet of cantor tie noli, which was given to him. Well aware t hal hi social status was an uncertain one. he retained his - II possession even in the face of the insulting attitude of the poet Bocagc and others. With most of the
