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t, declare that the lower part of this traditional Cal-
vary is natural, and that the upper part "may-
very likely be so". The knoll is of soft white lime-
stone (nummulitic) containing nodules, and occupies
a position normally required for such a bed in Pal-
estine, viz. above the Missse and Malaki strata re-
spectively. These last beds are seen on lower levels
in the basilica. The direction taken by the rent in
the rock, 96° east of north, is practically the same as
that of the veining of the rocks roundabout. Other
points of similarity have been observed. The fissure
broadens eastwards. The rock has been cut away
on the side. of the Holy Sepulchre, thus bearing out
the architectural datum afforded by the period of
Constantine. Calvary is 140 feet south-east of the
Holy Sepulchre and 13 feet above it. The early
traditions mentioned at the beginning of this article
still cling to it. The chapel of Adam beneath that
of Calvary stands for the first. A picture in it
represents the raising of Adam to life by the Precious
Blood trickling down upon his skull. An altar is
there dedicated to Melchisedech. A vestige of the
second tradition subsists in a scraggy olive tree
a few yards away, religiously guarded, which the
Abyssinians still claim to have been the bush in which
the ram's horns were caught when the angel stayed
the hand of Abraham.
Calvary Chapel. — The small, low, poorly-lighted oratory, built upon the traditional Calvary, is divided into two sections by a pair of massive pillars. The chapel of the Exaltation of the Cross comprises the section on the north and belongs to the Orthodox Greeks. That of the Crucifixion on the south is in possession of the Latins. At the eastern end, be- hind a thickly-set row of sanctuary lamps kept con- stantly burning, there are three altars of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth stations of the Way of the Cross. That of the twelfth station is in the Greek chapel, and marks the position of Our Saviour's Cross. It is near the rent made in the rock by the earthquake. Two black marble discs at its sides indicate the presumed positions of the malefactors' crosses. Behind it, among numerous icons, stands a large painted image of the Crucified Saviour.
The altars of the Crucifixion and Mater Dolorosa (eleventh and thirteenth stations) belong to the Latins. The image on the latter, or middle, altar is screened, and incased with a profusion of votive offerings. The floor of the chapel, which is on a level with the top of the rock, is covered with coarse mosaics. A round stone in the pavement on the Latin side, near the eleventh station, marks the place of the tenth. In the roof, there is a mosaic represen- tation of Christ. Entrance to the chapel is obtained by the stairways. The two most frequently used are at the west end. The eighteen steps in each stair- way, which are narrow, steep and much worn, are mostly of pink Santa Croce marble commonly quarried in Palestine.
Authenticity. — It is beyond doubt that the Calvary we have been considering is the same as that of the Middle Ages, but is it correct to identify it with that of the Gospels? It has long been far within the city walls. But did the city wall which lii enclosed it for so many centuries enclose it when Christ was crucified? That is, did the present city \v:ill exist when the Saviour was put to death? If so, this could not have been the place of the cruci- fixion; for Christ was crucified outside of the walls (Heb., xiii, 12). St.W'illibald (eighth century), Scewulf (twelfth century), and many others asked themselves this question. But it was not until two centuries ago that an affirmative answer was ventured by Korti , a German bookseller (see below). Not, how- ever, until the last century did the new opinion obtain supporters. Then a school sprang up which first rejected the old site and eventually set about
seeking new ones. Catholics, as a class, with many
leading Anglicans support the traditional claims.
The authenticity of Calvary is intimately bound up with that of the Holy Sepulchre. Relative to the authenticity of the sites of both, the ecclesi- astical writers who are the first to break silence after the Evangelists seem to leave no room for doubt. Now it is not easy to see how these, the chief repre- sentatives of an apologetical age, could have over- looked the above difficulty advanced by modern writers, especially since simple pilgrims are known to have anticipated it. The spirit of investigation had awakened in the Church long years previous to them; and the accredited custodians of the tradi- tion, the Jerusalem community, had been ruled by a continuous succession of bishops since Apostolic times. Under these circumstances, our first avail- able witnesses tell us that a remembrance of the site had actually been transmitted. As a telling testimony to the confidence they merit herein, it need only be remarked that of sixteen modern charts of the Holy City collated by Zimmermann (Basle, 1876) only four place Golgotha within the second or outermost wall in the time of Christ. Moreover, Dr. Schick, the author of one of these, accepted the traditional view before his death. Dr. Riess, in his "Bibel-At las" (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1895) , also agrees with, the majority. (See Jerusalem ; Holt Sepul- chre.)
Modern Calvaries. — The most popular of sev- eral sites proposed is that of Otto Thenius (1849), better known as Gordon's Calvary, and styled by the latter. "Skull Hill", because of its shape. Conder is the chief supporter of this view. This site is the elevation over Jeremiah's Grotto, not far from the Damascus Gate. In default of an historic basis, and owing to the insufficiency of the Gospel data — which may be verified equally well on any side of the city — the upholders of the new theories usually take for granted one or other of the following state- ments, viz: that Christ should have been immolated north of the altar, like the typical victims (Lev., i, 10, 11); that Calvary was a place of public execu- tion; that the place reserved for crucifixion, if there was one, was identical with a presumed stoning- place; that a modern Jewish tradition as to a fixed stoning-place could be substantiated in the time of Christ; and that the violent mob to which Christ was delivered would have conformed to whatever custom prescribed for the occasion. These affirma- tions all bear the mark of fitness; but until docu- ments are produced to confirm them, they must inevitably fall short as proofs of facts.
For Fathers, see article, Holy Sepulchre.
Pilgrims. — Geyer, Itinera H ierosolymitana : Tobleh, Descrip- tion Terrae Sanctae (1874).
General Treatment. — Dictionaries of the Bible; Quarterly state- ment P. E. F. (passim, especially 1902-19031; Warren, Ord- nance Survey of Jerusalem in Notes (London, 1S65); Warren and Conder in Jerusalem (1884).
Controversial (authors marked with an asterisk * oppose the traditional view): —
Breen *, Harm. Expos, of the Four Gospels (Rochester, New York), IV; FsSGUSBON *. Essay on Ancient Topographs of Jerusalem (London, 1847); Findlay, On th> Site of the Holy Sepulchre (London, 1347); Lewin, Siege ofj erusalem (London, lSt>3); Reilly, Authenticity, elc. in Ecclesiastical Review (Philadelphia I, XXXVI. nil. (1 sqq.; Robinson*, liiblio searches (Boston, 1841), I; Sanday, Sacred Sites of the <■ (Oxford. 19031; Tliuipp, Ancient Jerusalem (Cambridge, 1855); Williams. The Holy City (London, 1845); CHATEAUBRIAND, ltiniraire de Paris a Jerusalem (Paris, 181 1 ). II; Route *, Reise nach dem geloblcn Lande Aeg. Syr. u. Me*. (Halle. L751); Krafft, Die Topographic J crusalems (Bonn, 1846); Tobi.er*. Topographic von Jerusalem u. semen I'mgebungen (Berlin, 1853), I.
Thomas a K. Reilly.
Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, states- man and colonizer, b. at Kipling, Yorkshire, Eng- land, c. 1580; d. in London, England, 15 April. L632. He was graduated from Oxford in 1597. In 1605 he married a daughter of John Mayne, a lady of dis-
