CAMBUCA
216
CAMERINO
dioceses, there are generally one or two members of the
secular or regular clergy living and studying at St.
Edmund's.
St. Benet's House, a small house of studies for mem- bers of the Benedictine Order, was founded in 1896 by the community of Downside, near Bath, Dom Cuth- bert Butler (afterwards abbot) being the first head of it. The members of this house belong (like the mem- bers of St. Edmund's) to one or other of the colleges, with leave from the authorities to live together in community and enjoy certain exemptions from the ordinary collegiate rule. All the Benedictines who have passed through St. Benet's have graduated with honours, except two who entered as "advanced stu- dents" and have taken research degrees.
A final word may be said as to the annual expense of living at Cambridge for an undergraduate. It must be remembered that the regular university terms last little more than half the year, although an extra, or subsidiary, term may now be kept during the long vacation, and many men, especially those read- ing for honours, are therefore in residence for about eight months out of the twelve. It would probably be fairly accurate to estimate the average income of an undergraduate at Cambridge, available for the period of his residence, to be about two hundred pounds a year. A large number of men, especially those belonging to the smaller colleges, undoubtedly spend less than this annual sum, but on the other hand there is a considerable number whose income is much higher. The acute American observer (him- self a Cantab) already cited concludes that an under- graduate with an allowance of two hundred and fifty pounds per annum could live surrounded by comforts, and what to an American student would be luxuries, but that he could not live on much less without great care and a certain amount of self-sacrifice. The esti- mate is perhaps unduly high; but so much depends on a young man's antecedents, training, disposition, and tastes, that it is impossible to give more than an ap- proximate idea of the total cost of an undergraduate's academic career. Scholars of the various colleges re- ceive an annual emolument, varying from fifty pounds to one hundred pounds, for a period of residence of from three to five years, and enjoy other advantages and allowances which reduce their necessary annual expenditure to a very moderate figure. Many clever boys also come up to Cambridge with scholarships or exhibitions gained at the public schools where they have been educated, and their expenses at the univer- sity are of course reduced in proportion.
Cambridge University Calendar (1907-1908); Cooper, Alh- enaz Cantabrigienses (1858-61); Le Keux, Memorials of Cam- bridge (1880); Mcllin-ger, The University of Cambridge (1873); Wordsworth, Schola- AeatlemiiT (1*77); Willis and Clark, Architectural History of the University of Cambridge (1SS6); Everett On the Cam (1866'; Hcber. The English Uuuers,- ties (1S43); Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (1895); Walsh, Historical Account of the University of Cambridge 1 1837); Cambridge, Report <.f the Universities' Com- mission (1874); Clarke, Cambridge (London, 1908).
D. O. Hunter-Blair. Cambuta. See Pastoral Staff.
Cambysopolis, a titular see of Asia Minor. The name is owing to a mistake of some medieval geog- rapher. After his victory at Issus (333 B. c.) Alexander the Great built, near the ancient town of Myriandros, a city called after him Alexandria Minor (or ad Issum, more frequently Scabiosa, i. e. moun- tainous). It became a suffragan of Anazarbus, metropolis of Cilicia Secunda. Lequien (II, 903) mentions a dozen bishops; among them St. Hclenus, St. Aristion, and St. Theodore, martyrs, and Paulus, a Monophysite (E. W. Brooks, The Sixth Book of the Select Letters of Severus, II, 98). In an Anti- ochene " Notitiaj episcopatuum " of the tenth century [A. P. Kerameus, Maurocordatos' Library (Greek), Constantinople, 1884, p. 06], instead of Alexandria
Scabiosa, we read the strange form Alexandrou-
kambousou, in one word. A little later, and surely
in the twelfth century, this corrupt form was mis-
taken for two names and thus arose Alexandrou and
Kambysou (polls). Hence came two episcopal titles
connected with one city, and the name Cambysopolis
passed into all the Greek and Latin "Notitia? episco-
patuum". The Roman Curia to-day preserves only
the title Cambysopolis; the only correct name,
Alexandria Scabiosa, exists no more. The city is
now called Alexandretta (by the Turks, Iskanderoun) ;
it is situated on the bay of the same name in the vilayet
of Aleppo, and is united to the latter city by a car-
riage-road. It has about 7000 inhabitants (3000
Greeks, 500 Catholics of Latin and Eastern Rites).
The Catholic parish is conducted by Carmelites, and
there are attached to it Sisters of St. Joseph.
Cuinet, Turquie d'Asie, II, 201-208; Alishan, Sissouan (Venice, 1899), 499-502.
S. Vailhe.
Camel (or Kamel), George Joseph, botanist, b. at Brunn, in Moravia, 21 April, 1661; died in Manila, 2 May, 1706. He entered the Society of Jesus as a lay brother in 1682. Although sometimes spoken of as "Father Camellus" it is not sure that he was ever a priest. He was sent as a missionary to the Philippine Islands six years later. There he took up the study of the plants and the natural history of the Islands, and sent the results of his investigations to Europe, where they were published in the " Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (London). In his honour, Linna?us gave the name Camellia to a genus of evergreen shrubs remarkable for the beauty of their flowers, among them being the well-known Japan rose (Camellia Japonica). The mere enumera- tion of Camel's contributions to the pages of the "Philosophical Transactions" is ample evidence of the industry of this simple missionary and his or- derly method of investigation. Besides many trea- tises on the plants and animals of the islands. Camel left two bulky volumes on the "Medicinal Plants of the Philippine Islands", which were published in part in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soci- ety" (London) and in the "Historia Plantarum" of Ray. In the library of the Jesuits at Louvain there is a manuscript collection of liis drawings, represent- ing 360 varieties of plants and herbs of the Island of Luzon. Ray published the text of the work, but omitted the drawings. Camel established a phar- macy in Manila where the poor were supplied with remedies gratis.
Sommervogel, Bibl. de la e. dej.. II, 578. 579. 580; Vel- arde, Hist, de la Prov. Philipinas, IV, x\ ii, n. S92-4.
E. P. Spillane.
Camel in Scripture. Sec Animals in the Bible.
Camera Romana. See Roman Cukia.
Camerino (Camehixum), Diocese of (Camerinen- sis). Camerino is a city situated in the Italian prov- ince of Macerata in the Apennines, about 40 miles from Ancona. When the Exarchate of Ravenna was donat- ed to the Holy See, it became subject to the Roman pontiff. It suffered much under Frederick II on ac- count of its loyalty to the pope; Manfred besieged it (1262?), but happily Camerino was saved by Gentile Varano, under whom it became a papal fief. In the sixteenth century it became a fief of the Farnesi. During the persecution of Decius (249), the priest Porphyrius, master of the youthful martyr Ye- nantius. and the Bishop Leontius suffered martyr- dom at Camerino. Gerontius appears at the Council of Rome in 464. Other bishops were St. Ansovinus (816); Alberto degli Alberti (1437), prominent at the Council of Florence, where he was made cardinal and sent as legate by Eugenius IV to Alfonso of Aragon and Rene' of Anjou, between whom he
